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Overview of Early American Government: Articles of Confederation to Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists

This review covers significant concepts in early American government, focusing on the Articles of Confederation's weaknesses, the Northwest Ordinance process for statehood, and the contrasting plans for legislative structure seen in the New Jersey and Virginia Plans. It highlights the Federalists' push for a strong central government, underpinned by figures like Hamilton and Madison, against Anti-Federalists' concerns over state rights. Additionally, it examines the legislative process, checks and balances, and notable events such as the Whiskey Rebellion and the War of 1812, further illuminating the complexities of America’s early governance.

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Overview of Early American Government: Articles of Confederation to Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists

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Presentation Transcript

  1. Semester Review

  2. Chapter 8 Concepts • Articles of Confederation • Northwest Ordinance • New Jersey Plan vs. Virginia Plan • Federalists vs. Anti Federalists

  3. Articles of Confederation • Purpose: • to create a government after the Revolutionary War • Effect: • weak, did not hold states together, led to Constitutional Convention

  4. Northwest Ordinance • Purpose: • Establish a process for creating new states in new territory • How it worked: • Once territory had 5,000 free adult males=form a legislature • Once territory had 60,000 people=could apply for statehood

  5. New Jersey Plan vs. Virginia Plan • New Jersey Plan: • Legislative branch would have only 1 house with equal representation • Virginia Plan • Legislative branch would have 2 houses both based on population • The Great Compromise • Legislative branch has 2 houses one based on population (H of R) and one equal representation (Senate)

  6. Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists • Federalists • Wanted strong central government, money over land, supported by rich • People: Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay • Federalists Papers: written to encourage people to accept Constitution • Anti-Federalists • Feared strong central government, states’ rights, land over money, supported by farmers • People: Thomas Jefferson

  7. Chapter 9 Concepts • Legislative, Executive, Judicial • Checks and Balances • Passing a Bill • People

  8. Legislative (Congress) • House of Representatives (435) and Senate (100) • Power to make laws • Other powers: declare war, coin money, set up postal system • Elected by: popular vote within state

  9. House of Representatives • 25 years old • Citizen for 7 years • Live in state they represent • 2 year term • All bills that deal with money must start here

  10. Senate • 30 years old • Citizen for 9 years • Live in state they represent • 6 year term • Hold trials for impeachment

  11. Executive • Enforce the laws • Head of Executive: President • 35 years old • Natural born citizen • Lived in US for 14 years • Cabinet • Electoral College • 270 to win • Wisconsin=10

  12. Judicial • Interpret the laws • Highest Court: Supreme Court • District • Court of Appeals • 9 Supreme Court Justices • Appointed by president, approved by senate

  13. Checks and Balances

  14. Passing a Bill • Start in either house or senate • Committee to subcommittee • Discuss bill on floor • Senate=filibuster • Passes one house goes to other • If passed president can=sign or veto • Veto can be overridden by ¾ majority vote in both houses

  15. People • President: Obama • Senators: Tammy Baldwin, Ron Johnson • US Representative: Gwen Moore • Wisconsin State Senator: Alberta Darling

  16. Chapter 10 Concepts • Bill of Rights • Secured certain rights people had • Speech, press, right to bear arms, due process etc

  17. Chapter 11 Concepts • Whiskey Rebellion • Election of 1800 • Alien and Sedition Acts • Loose vs. Strict Construction

  18. Whiskey Rebellion • Congress passes bill that taxes luxury items including whiskey • Farmers refuse to pay • Washington leads 13,000 militia to end rebellion

  19. Election of 1800 • Adams (Federalists) vs. Jefferson (D-R) vs. Burr (D-R) • Tie between Jefferson and Burr • Hamilton supports Jefferson • 12th Amendment

  20. Alien and Sedition Acts • Extended time it took to become citizen • Limited what was allowed to be written about government • Designed to keep Federalists in power • John Adams

  21. Loose vs. Strict Construction • If Constitution didn’t say you could do it, you can’t (Loose, Jefferson) • If Constitution didn’t say you couldn’t do it, you can (Strict, Hamilton) • National Bank, power of federal government

  22. Chapter 12 Concepts • Jay’s Treaty • XYZ Affair • Embargo Act • War of 1812 • Monroe Doctrine

  23. Jay’s Treaty • British in Ohio Valley • John Jay creates treaty that has British leave territory • France is upset US made treaty with British

  24. XYZ Affair • French impressing ships • Adams sends representatives to negotiate treaty • French refuse to listen until tribute paid • Adams refuses tribute, tensions rise

  25. Embargo Act • Jefferson passes hoping to end impressments • No trade allowed between European nations • Huge failure

  26. War of 1812 • Causes: • Impressment of sailors • Seizing US ships • British give Native American weapons • Key Events: • Invasion of Canada=fail • Washington burned (White House, Madison) • Battle of New Orleans (Jackson) • Treaty of Ghent

  27. Monroe Doctrine • Latin America revolutions in Mexico and South America • President Monroe declares that North and South America are free/independent nations, any attack on those nations is an attack on the US

  28. Chapter 14 • Indian Removal Act • Trail of Tears

  29. Indian Removal Act • Indian tribes could negotiate treaties to relocate • Jackson ends up forcing removal of tribes in South • Trail of Tears • Cherokee tribes forced to march hundreds of miles from Florida/Georgia to territory in West (Oklahoma) • Thousands die on the way

  30. Chapter 15 Concepts • LA Purchase • Lewis and Clark

  31. LA Purchase • Causes: • US wanted European power out of North America • France needed money to finance war with Britain • Haiti lost, France no need for LA territory • Manifest Destiny (right/duty to expand across NA) • Effects: • US x2 in size • Resources • Lewis and Clark

  32. Lewis and Clark • Expedition to map new territory • Maps, detailed journal about resources in territory, contact with Natives • Opened up expansion in New Territory

  33. Chapter 19 Concepts • North • South

  34. North • Geography: rocky, good coast, some good farmland, cold winters, hot summers • Economy: based on business and industry, a variety of jobs • Transportation: railroads very important, man made canals • Society: free, African-Americans not equal, variety of people, immigrants

  35. South • Geography: flat farm land, rivers, longer growing seasons • Economy: based on farming, plantations, few factories • Transportation: used rivers, few railroads • Society: three tier society, slaves

  36. Chapter 21 Concepts • Wilmot Proviso • Missouri Compromise • Compromise of 1850 • Lincoln-Douglas debates • Dred Scott • Kansas-Nebraska Act • Uncle Tom’s Cabin • Harper’s Ferry

  37. Wilmot Proviso • An amendment that proposed the outlaw of slavery in land gained in Mexican War (Mexican Cession) • Failed

  38. Missouri Compromise • Missouri slave state, Maine free state, 36 30 line (above free, below slave) • Henry Clay

  39. Compromise of 1850 • California free, Utah and New Mexico popular sovereignty, slave trade ended in DC • Fugitive Slave Law • Southerners could retrieve runaways in North • Northerners had to help • Those who helped slaves would be jailed

  40. Lincoln-Douglas debates • Lincoln, slavery a moral issue, “A house divided”, all slave or all free • Made Lincoln very popular

  41. Dred Scott • Slave sues for freedom using Missouri Compromise • Went to Wisconsin (free) with master and lived for a while • Supreme Court rules (Roger Taney): • African American not a citizen, could not sue • Missouri Compromise unconstitutional, 5th amendment (property)

  42. Kansas-Nebraska Act • Douglas wanted railroad through Kansas-Nebraska territory • Gave these two territories popular sovereignty • Northerners and Southerners flock there • Bleeding Kansas

  43. Uncle Tom’s Cabin • Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe • Exposed horrors of slavery • Fueled abolitionist movement

  44. Harper’s Ferry • John Brown attacks federal arsenal hoping to arm slaves for a rebellion in the South; fails • Hanged for treason, viewed as hero in North • South fear more rebellions

  45. Chapter 22 Concepts • Anaconda Plan • North vs. South • Technology • Battles/Places • People

  46. Anaconda Plan • Blockade southern ports • Seize Mississippi and cut confederacy in two • Seize Richmond • Wanted to suffocate economy

  47. North vs. South • North • Had to force South to surrender • Much more resources, people and railroads • Weaker generals, more difficult outcome • South • Defend territory, quick big victory or drag out war • Strong generals, home field advantage • Fewer resources, suffer from damages of total war • Both though war would be over quick

  48. Technology • Guns • Telegraph • Railroad • Ironclads • Photography

  49. Battles/places • Bull Run • Stonewall Jackson • Antietam • Bloodiest single day • Gettysburg • Turning point for north • New Orleans • Gain Mississippi, cut off trade to south • Vicksburg • Full control of Mississippi for North • Sherman’s March to the Sea • Capture supply depots in South, massive destruction (total war), helped Lincoln • Appomattox Courthouse • Surrender of Lee to Grant

  50. People • Jefferson Davis: President of Confederacy • Northern Generals • McClellan (first northern general) • Grant • Sherman • Southern Generals • Lee • Jackson

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