Stuart McDermid and Thierry Leblanc JPL - Table Mountain Facility NDSC Symposium

1. An Overview of 10 Years of Lidar Measurements at Table Mountain Facility, California, and Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii. Stuart McDermid and Thierry Leblanc JPL - Table Mountain Facility NDSC Symposium Arcachon, France 2001

2. Current members Richard Cageao David Haner Jeffrey Howe Thierry Leblanc Daniel Walsh Past members Georg Beyerle Apostolis Deslis Sophie Godin Raymond Hoff Moshe Kleiman Oscar Lindquist David Mills Martha Schmoe Eric Sirko Mary White Contributors – Team Members

3. Table Mountain, California • 34.4°N, 117.7°W • Elevation 2300 m • Mauna Loa, Hawaii • 19.5°N, 155.6°W • Elevation 3400 m JPL Lidar Stations

4. Stratosphere Lidars • Original transmitters • 308 nm XeCl excimer laser, tunable • 100 W total, TMF 150 Hz, MLO 200 Hz • ~60 W transmitted directly, ~40 W to Raman cell • 353 nm, H2 Raman shift of 308 nm • ~10–20 W transmitted (25-50% conversion) • New transmitters – Changeover complete • 308 nm XeCl excimer laser, not tunable • TMF 80 W, 200 Hz; MLO 60 W, 200 Hz • 355 nm, Nd:YAG third harmonic • 10-15 W at 50 or 100 Hz

5. Original Receivers Telescope, TMF 0.9 m, MLO 1.0 m Wavelength separation by beamsplitters and filters TMF 4 channels, 308(2), 353(2) MLO 6 channels, 308(2), 332, 353(2), 385 Photomultipliers detectors (50 mm) New Receivers – Changeover in process Telescopes (3), TMF 0.9 m, MLO 1.0 m, 0.07 m, 0.02 m Wavelength separation by beamsplitters, filters, and spatial-temporal alignment 8 channels, 308(3), 332, 355(3), 387 Photomultipliers detectors (miniature), Fiber-coupled Stratosphere Lidars

6. Troposphere Lidar • Transmitter • Raman shifted Nd:YAG IV • D2 289 nm, HD 294 nm, H2 299 nm • Dual beam, 10 Hz, ~30 mJ/pulse transmitted • Receiver • Telescopes (2), 0.9 m (far) and 0.05 m (near) • Fiber-coupled detectors, 2 near, 2 far • Photon counting and analog detection

7. Lidar Measurements - Summary • Ozone • Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) • 308/355 nm, ~20 km to >55 km • 308-332/355-387 nm, ~15 to 20 km • 289/299 nm, ~4 to 20 km • 299/355 nm, ~10 to 30 km • Temperature • Rayleigh Lidar • 355 nm, 25-30 km to >90 km • Raman Lidar • 387 nm, ~15 km to 30 km • Aerosol • 353/387 nm, ~15 to 30 km

8. MLO Ozone Profile, 5/24/01

9. TMF Ozone Profile, 6/16/01

10. MLO Temperature Profile, 5/24/01

11. Typical Summer/Winter Profiles

12. MLO, Ozone Long-term Record • Deviations from annual mean (Range ±20%)

13. Climatology, MLO 1993-1999

14. TMF, Ozone Long-term Record • Deviations from annual mean (Range ±20%)

15. Climatology, TMF, 1989-1998

16. Ozone Climatology, Variability

17. Ozone Climatology, vmr

18. Stratospheric Column Ozone

19. Temperature Climatology 44.0°N to 19.5°N

20. Temperature Climatology 44.0°N to 19.5°N Variability • Daily mean standard deviation from the 33-day averaged temperature

21. Thermal Tides at TMF • Nighttime evolution of the hourly mean temperature profile • First profile 20:00 LST, Last profile 05:01 LST • Each profile shifted by 10K • Shaded areas show temperature inversion layers

22. Atmospheric Tides at MLO • Hourly mean Lidar and HRDI temperature differences from their nighttime and daytime averages

23. Temperature QBO at MLO • Deseasonalized temperature • Deviation from climatological monthly means (Range ±3%)

24. Ozone QBO at MLO • Deseasonalized ozone – deviation from climatological monthly means • Above 29 km: mixing ratio from -0.5 (mauve) to +0.5 (red) ppmv • Below 29 km: Concentration from -12% (mauve) to +12% (red) • Maxima of QBO equatorial wind phases

25. March 2000 - Vortex Filament PV forecast maps generously provided by Alain Hauchecorne from his MIMOSA model. 03:19:06:00 03:20:06:00 03:20:18:00

26. Comparison of Stratospheric Ozone Profiles and Their Seasonal Variations as Measured by LIDAR and SAGE II During 1988. JGR, 95, 5605-5612, 1990. Comparison of Ozone Profiles From Ground-Based Lidar, ECC Balloon Sonde, ROCOZ-A Rocket Sonde, and SAGE II Satellite Measurements. JGR, 95, 10037-10042, 1990. Measurement Inter-Comparison of the JPL and GSFC Stratospheric Ozone Lidar Systems. Applied Optics, 29, 4671-4676, 1990. Lidar Measurements of Stratospheric Ozone and Inter-Comparisons and Validation. Applied Optics, 29, 4914-4923, 1990. Ground-Based Microwave Monitoring of Middle Atmosphere Ozone: Comparison to Lidar and SAGE II Satellite Observations. JGR, 100, 3005-3016, 1995. Stratospheric Ozone Intercomparison Campaign (STOIC) 1989: Overview. JGR, 100, 9193-9208, 1995. Results from the JPL Stratospheric Ozone Lidar During STOIC 1989. JGR, 100, 9263-9272, 1995. Comparison of STOIC 1989 Ground-Based Lidar, Microwave Radiometer, and Dobson Spectrophotometer Umkehr Ozone Profiles With Ozone Profiles from Balloon-Borne ECC Ozonesondes. JGR, 100, 9273-9282, 1995. Comparison of stratospheric temperatures from several lidars, using National Meteorological Center and microwave limb sounder data as transfer references. JGR, 100, 11,105-11,111, 1995. Comparison of NOAA-11 SBUV/2 Ozone Vertical Profiles with Correlative Measurements. GRL, 23, 293-296, 1995. Accuracy and precision of cryogenic limb array etalon spectrometer (CLAES) temperature retrievals. JGR, 101, 9583-9602, 1996. Validation of UARS Microwave Limb Sounder temperature and pressure measurements. JGR, 101, 9983-10,016, 1996. Validation of UARS Microwave Limb Sounder ozone measurements. JGR, 101, 10,017-10,060, 1996. Halogen Occultation Experiment ozone channel validation. JGR, 101, 10,217-10,240, 1996. Validation of temperature measurements from the Halogen Occultation Experiment.JGR, 101, 10,277-10,286, 1996. NDSC Lidar Intercomparisons and Validation: OPAL and MLO3 Campaigns in 1995. Advances in Atmospheric Remote Sensing with Lidar, Springer New York-Berlin-Heidelberg, 525-528, 1996. NDSC Intercomparison of Stratospheric Aerosol Processing Algorithms. Advances in Atmospheric Remote Sensing with Lidar, Springer New York-Berlin-Heidelberg, 501-504, 1996. Correlative stratospheric ozone measurements with the airborne UV DIAL system during TOTE/VOTE. GRL, 25, 623-626, 1998. Lidar Observations of the Middle Atmosphere Thermal Tides and Comparison with HRDI and GSWM. Part I. Methodology and Winter Observations at Table Mountain (34.4°N). JGR, 104, 11,917-11,929, 1999. Lidar Observations of the Middle Atmosphere Thermal Tides and Comparison with HRDI and GSWM. Part II. October Observations at Mauna Loa (19.5°N). JGR, 104, 11,931-11,938, 1999. Results from the 1995 Stratospheric Ozone Profile Intercomparison at Mauna Loa. JGR, 104, 30,505-30,514, 1999. Ozone Differential Absorption Lidar Algorithm Intercomparison. Applied Optics, 38, 6225-6236, 1999. A Lidar and Backscattersonde Aerosol Measurement Campaign at Table Mountain During February-March 1997: Observations Cirrus Clouds. JAS, 58, 1275-1287, 2001. Validation of Temperature Measurements from the Airborne Raman Ozone Temperature and Aerosol Lidar During SOLVE. JGR, Submitted, 2001. Validation and Complementary Measurements

27. Mission Contributions • Past / Ongoing • UARS • SAGE II • TOMS • SBUV/2 • CRISTA / MAHRSI • GOME • CHAMP • TOTE/VOTE • SOLVE • Future • DMSP-SSMIS • SAGE III • ENVISAT • TIMED • AQUA • AURA

28. UARS – TMF Ozone Lidar

29. CRISTA – MLO Temperature Lidar