Chapter Twenty-Five

1. Chapter Twenty-Five World War II, 1941–1945

2. Section 1: Los Alamos, New Mexico

3. Los Alamos The Manhattan Project created a community of scientists whose mission was to build the atomic bomb The scientists and their families lived in the remote, isolated community of Los Alamos They formed a close-knit community, united by antagonism toward the Army and secrecy from the outside world Led by J. Robert Oppenheimer, the scientists developed a strong sense of camaraderie as they struggled to develop the atomic bomb.

4. U.S

5. Germany

6. Great Britain

7. Italy

8. Section 2 The Coming of World War II

9. The Shadows of War • The global character of the Great Depression accelerated a breakdown in the political order • Militaristic authoritarian regimes that had emerged in Japan, Italy, and Germany threatened peace throughout the world • Japan took over Manchuria and then invaded China • They began their full-scale invasion in 1937

10. Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini wanted to expand his boundaries • made Ethiopia a colony • Took power in 1922 and declared “ we have buried the putrid corpse of liberty”

11. When Hitler started to rebuild Germany’s armed forces he was rejecting the Versailles Treaty • German aggression against Czechoslovakia threatened to force Britain and France into the war • This action received the most attention from the Western powers

12. In 1935 Hitler enacted the Nuremberg Laws • This denied civil rights to Jews

13. Hitler brought attention from the West when is seized Czechoslovakia • Hitler's assertions • National Socialism means peace-slogan • Racial superiority of Aryans • German self-determination in Czechoslovakia • Racial inferiority of the Jews

14. Isolationism By the mid-1930s many Americans had concluded that entry into WWI and an active foreign role for the United States had been a serious mistake College students protested against the war The Great Depression allowed demagogues to raise fear and hatred of others

15. Congress passed the Neutrality Acts (5 acts) to limit the sale of munitions to warring countries Prominent Americans urged a policy of “America First” to promote non-intervention. FDR promoted military preparedness, despite little national support.

16. Roosevelt Readies for War • The combined German-Soviet invasion of Poland plunged Europe into war. • The Soviet Union divided Poland with Germany and attacked Finland • German blitzkrieg techniques quickly led to takeovers of Denmark, Norway, and later Belgium and France. • Blitzkrieg was strategy that used fast-moving columns of tanks supported by air power • As the Nazi air force pounded Britain, FDR pushed for increased military expenditures.

17. Since 1940 was an election year, FDR claimed these were for “hemispheric defense.” After winning his third term, FDR expanded American involvement • FDR met with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and drafted the Atlantic Charter • This was a statement of war aims such as free trade, disarmament, and freedom from fear, want, and tyranny • The Lend-Lease Act was passed in 1941 that allowed FDR to provide aid to Britain

18. Before Pearl Harbor, Roosevelt seemed to bend United States neutrality to help the Allies in these ways • Permitting the sale of arms to Britain, France, & China • Transferring surplus United States airplanes to Britain • Joining Churchill in issuing the Atlantic Charter

19. The Atlantic Charter identified war aims principles of free trade, disarmament and freedom from fear, want, and tyranny

20. Pearl Harbor The Japanese threatened to seize Europe’s Asian colonies FDR cut off trade with Japan Japan attacked the base in Pearl Harbor The United States declared war; declarations against Germany and Italy followed.

21. The Japanese attack Pearl Harbor • Pearl Harbor, Hawaii was the site if the United States Navy’s main Pacific bases • Under the command of Vice Admiral Nagumo was 6 aircraft carriers, 360 airplanes, battleships, cruisers & submarines • The attack was a complete surprise • December 7, 1941

22. Results of the Attack • 2,500 killed • 8 battleships damaged • 3 destroyers unusable • 3 cruisers damaged • 160 aircraft destroyed • 128 aircraft damaged • The battle fleet was knocked out for 6 months • Allowing the Japanese to get their raw materials from their newly conquered territories

23. The aircraft carriers were out at sea at the time and were not damaged • The USS Arizona, The USS Oklahoma & the USS Utah suffered irreparable damage

28. Section 3 Arsenal of Democracy

29. Mobilizing for War Congress and FDR created laws and new agencies to promote mobilization The Office of War Information controlled war news and promoted morale at home. War bonds were used to promote support as well as raise funds As mobilization proceeded, New Deal agencies vanished.

30. The War Powers Act of December 1941 • Let the president censor news and restrict civil liberties • Allowed the president to create new agencies • Permit the president to seize property owned by foreigners

31. Federal Agencies that were concerned with controlling information to influence the public, the economy, or the war effort were • Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI) • Office of War Information (OWI) • Office of War Mobilization (OWM) • War Manpower Commission • National War Labor Board • Office of Price Administration

32. Organizing the Economy The industrial capacity of the United States was the decisive factor in the war Civilian firms were converted to war purposes and American industries were primed for all-out production An unprecedented economic boom pulled the country out of the depression. The largest firms, especially those in the West and South, received large shares of wartime contracts The war increased farm profits, but thousands of small farms disappeared.

33. WWII brought an • Increase in the movement of people around the country • Weakening of farm tenancy in the South • Mobilization of nearly 16 million to take advantage of wartime jobs

34. New Workers • The demand for labor brought Mexicans,Indians, African Americans, and women into the industrial labor force • The entry of these new female workers broke down many stereotypes • Workers’ wages went up, but not as fast as profits or prices.

35. Wartime Strikes • Prior to American entry, militant unions had led a number of strikes • Once the United States entered thewar, the major unions: • agreed to no-strike pledges • increased their membership and won new benefits • African-American union membership doubled • Some illegal strikes did break out, leading to federal antistrike legislation.

36. Section 4 The Home Front

37. Families in Wartime The war spurred marriage rates Shortages of housing and retail goods added to the difficulties families encountered With one-parent households increasing, child-care issues arose. Some day-care assistance was available, though it scarcely met people’s needs The rise in unsupervised youths created problems with juvenile crime. The availability of jobs led to higher high school dropout rates Public health improved greatly during the war.

38. The Internment of Japanese Americans In 1942, more than 112,000 Japanese were removed from their homes in the West to relocation centers, often enduring harsh living conditions The internment of West Coast Japanese Americans included almost everyone with at least one Japanese grandparent

39. The Supreme Court upheld the policy, though in 1988 the U.S. Congress voted for reparations and public apologies.

43. “Double V”: Victory at Home & Abroad African-American activists launched a “Double V” campaign calling for victory overseas and equal rights at home FDR responded to a threatened march on Washington by banning racial discrimination in defense industries. Langston Hughes wrote in a poem how long he will have to fight “ both Hitler-and Jim Crow”

44. New civil rights organizations emerged while older ones grew. • Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) was formed they conducted non-violent sit-ins at restaurants in northern cities during WWII • More than 1 million blacks left the South to take jobs in war industries • They often encountered violent resistance from local whites

45. Zoot-Suit Riots Whites’ bitter resentment against Mexican Americans exploded in 1943 The zoot-suit riots erupted when whites concluded that Mexican youths who wore the flamboyant clothes were unpatriotic Most Mexican Americans served in the military or worked in war industries The zoot-suit riots led Mexican Americans to fear internment

47. Popular Culture and the “Good War” Popular culture seemed to bridge the racial divisions Southerners moving to northern cities brought musical styles and changed the sound of popular culture Popular entertainment, whether in film or comic books, emphasized the wartime spirit, as did fashion.

48. Section 5 Men and Women in Uniform

49. Creating the Armed Forces Even before formally entering the war, the government had begun a draft The officer corps, except for General Eisenhower, tended to be professional, conservative, and autocratic Junior officers were trained in special military schools and developed close ties with their troops.

50. The Selective Service screed out the illiterate and emotionally disturbed