Pregnancy and Childbirth

1. Pregnancy and Childbirth Chapter 5 The Developing Child Page 138

2. Empathy Belly • Choose a date to wear • During one class period • Men and women both have the opportunity

3. Section 5-1 The Developing Baby • Key terms • Make flash cards with vocabulary word on one side and the definition on the other

4. Video • Online the First nine months • YouTube - 9 months of pregnancy in less than 3 minutes

5. Conception • About once a month, an OVUM (female cell or egg) is released by one of a woman’s ovaries • The egg moves through the Fallopian tube to the UTERUS (the organ where the baby develops) • The journey takes about 2-3 days

6. Conception • When the egg reaches the uterus, it usually disintegrates and is flushed out of the body with the menstrual flow

7. Conception • Sometimes the egg meets and is fertilized by a SPERM (male cell) • When the ovum and sperm unite, CONCEPTION takes place and pregnancy begins

8. Fertilization • Can take place only 2-3 days after the ovum has been released • However, sperm can live up to 7 days • There is a time period of about 10 days each months when a female can become pregnant

9. Period of the Zygote • The first stage in development • ZYGOTE (fertilized egg) • Time period lasts about 2 weeks • The zygote travels down the Fallopian tube and attaches itself to the thickened lining of the uterus • The zygote grows by cell division • Example • After 2 weeks it is the size of a pinhead

10. Period of the Embryo • Second stage of pregnancy (EMBRYO) • Develops from the 3rd week to the 8th • The mass of cells develops into all major systems of the human body- heart and lungs, bones and muscle • A sac filled with fluid forms around the embryo ( AMNIOTIC FLUID) • A tissue called the (PLACENTA) develops • (UMBILICAL CORD) bring nourishment and takes away waste

11. Period of the Fetus • Last stage of pregnancy • From the 8-9th week until birth • Divide into 9 groups: • Using the chart on pages 146-147, make a chart depicting a month of pregnancy • Include: Size and weight, development, description, and graphic

13. Preparing for Birth • During the 9th month, the baby drops into the birth canal (LIGHTENING) • Fetus is usually upside down- head near mother’s pelvis • Less active- little space to move • The muscles of the uterus and abdomen stretch up to 60 times their original size • And return within 6 weeks of birth

14. Length of Pregnancy • 37-42 weeks • 40 weeks most common

15. Section 5-2 Conception

16. Objectives • Describe how personal characteristics are inherited • Explain the cause of multiple births • Evaluate different possible solutions for infertility

17. Key Terms • Chromosomes • Dominant • Genes • Infertility • Recessive • Surrogate

18. The Genetic Package • Each person inherits characteristics from both parents • Examples: eye color, hair color, body build, etc. • Musical ability • Medical conditions

19. Chromosomes • (CHROMOSOMES) tiny threadlike particles in the nucleus of every cell • At conception, every human baby receives 46 • Chromosomes come in 23 pairsfrom mom and dad

20. Genes • (GENES) units that determine the child’s inherited characteristics • Each chromosome has thousands of genes

21. Dominant and Recessive Genes • (DOMINANT) stronger • (RECESSIVE) weaker • Example: mom has blue eyes and dad has brown • What color will the child have? • Child will probably have brown eyes

22. Making a unique person • Each sperm and egg contains a different combination of genes • When they combine in a fertilized egg, they produce a unique individual • Example: the child may have • The father’s eye color • The mother’s hair color • Grandfather’s dimples, etc.

23. The Sex of the Child • Determined at conception • Sex chromosomes: X and Y • Every egg cell contains an X chromosome • Each sperm cell contains either an X or Y • If the sperm that fertilized the egg carries an X the child is a girl (XX) • If the sperm carries a Y the child is a boy (XY)

24. Multiple Births • Are determined at conception • Sometimes the mass of cells split in half soon after fertilization • Each clump of cells continues to divide and grow into a separate embryo • Result: (IDENTICAL TWINS) • Both began as one zygote • Same sex and characteristics

25. Fraternal Twins • Form when two eggs are released at the same time and each is fertilized • They grow side by side in the uterus • Different eggs and different sperm • Only similar as other siblings

26. Infertility • The inability to become pregnant (INFERTILITY) • Medical advances improve chances to become pregnant • Perhaps there are physical problems: • Women’s ovaries are not releasing an egg each month • Weak sperm

27. Options for Infertile Couples • Adoption • Artificial insemination • In vitro fertilization • Ovum transfer • Surrogate mother • Divide into five groups • Investigate a topic pages 153-154 • Record your findings

28. Section 5-3 Problems in Prenatal Development

29. Losing a baby • (MISCARRIAGE) baby dies before 20 weeks of pregnancy • (STILLBIRTH) baby dies after 20 weeks • Support groups help with mental pain • Surgery to remove fetus

30. Types of Birth Defects • Serious problems that threaten the baby’s health or ability to live • Hundreds of birth defects • Some are mild or can be corrected • Others are severe lifelong disabilities • Some may cause death • About 3 in every 100 births

31. Examples • Misshapen foot • Extra toe • Blindness • Etc.

32. Causes of Birth Defects • Don’t know what causes about 60% • Research is an on-going process • March of Dimes (hyperlink) • Found 4 main causes: • Environmental causes • Hereditary causes • Errors in chromosomes • Interaction of heredity and environment

33. Environmental Causes • Dependency on mother’s body for nourishment and oxygen • Diet • Harmful substances • Medicines • Exposure to outside hazards (radiation)

34. Hereditary Causes • Thousands of genes make up a genetic profile • 5-6% of recessive genes are imperfect • Usually not a problem • However, if each parent passes on the same recessive defective genes the gene becomes dominant • Males more prone: color blindness, hemophilia

35. Errors in Chromosomes • Example: too many or too few chromosomes in each of the baby’s cells • Not inherited • Most common Down syndrome • Extra chromosome 21

36. Interaction of Heredity and Environment • Example: inherit a tendency for a heart defect with another factor such as a drug or a virus • Example: cleft lip and spina bifida

37. Prevention • Drugs, alcohol, caffeine avoidance • Make healthy choices • Genetic counseling • Prenatal test: • Ultrasound • Amniocentesis • Chorionic villi

38. Section 5-4 Avoiding Dangers • FAS (FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME) • Directly related to alcohol consumption • Affected by the stage of pregnancy in which the alcohol was consumed • Interferes with tissue growth and brain development • Don’t drink at all

39. Fetal alcohol syndrome

40. Other Drugs • Prescription medicines • Over-the-counter medicines • Caffeine • Nicotine • Illegal drugs • Inhalants

41. X-rays • Radiation from X-rays can cause birth defects • Both men and women should avoid X-rays before pregnancy • Abdominal shields

42. Rubella • German measles • Effects: • Deafness • Blindness • Heart disease • Mental retardation

43. STDs • Result in serious illness, deformity, or even death • Some can be treated • Some have no cures

44. AIDS • If a woman has AIDS, baby may be at risk • Given treatment to reduce the chances that the baby will develop AIDS • Early testing is important

45. Birth Defects Pamphlet • assignment

46. The end • Karen Palmer • 2010