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Economic Resources: Oil and Gas Coal Gas Hydrates Alternative Energy sources -Biomass

Economic Resources: Oil and Gas Coal Gas Hydrates Alternative Energy sources -Biomass -Nuclear 5. Impact of a fossil energy economy…Global Warming??. Hubbert Oil decline prediction. World wide natural gas reserves. Natural Gas details…. http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/nat_gas.html.

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Economic Resources: Oil and Gas Coal Gas Hydrates Alternative Energy sources -Biomass

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  1. Economic Resources: • Oil and Gas • Coal • Gas Hydrates • Alternative Energy sources • -Biomass • -Nuclear • 5. Impact of a fossil energy economy…Global Warming??

  2. Hubbert Oil decline prediction

  3. World wide natural gas reserves

  4. Natural Gas details… http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/nat_gas.html

  5. Coal

  6. Coal: Coal: -organic material accumulates in swamp, anoxic environment -buried sufficiently to begin transformation to peat -burial continues…lignite…. Bituminous…anthracite

  7. Carboniferous Period Coal=green evaporites=red

  8. Carboniferous coal swamp

  9. Gas Hydrate:How are gas hydrates formed? Gas hydrates are formed by anaerobic bacteria digesting organic matter (detritus) under the ocean floor. During the digestion process mainly methane is produced along with small amounts of carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, propane ,and ethane. The gases produced rise, dissolving in the water between the ocean sediments. When the temperature, and pressure conditions at the ocean bottom are appropriate (high pressure and low temperature) hydrates are formed. In addition to the formation of hydrates, vast reservoirs of methane gas often form beneath hydrate layers. Where are gas hydrates distributed? Gas hydrates are mainly found at ocean depths of at least 300m. The hydrate layer is then typically 90-900m below the ocean floor. Hydrates may be found in solid layers, veins, nodules, or as dispersed particles in the ocean floor. Hydrate layers are often several meters thick. Hydrates appear to be found at the edges of many of earth's continents. Gas hydrates have also been found at shallower depths in permafrost. A list of several gas hydrate discoveries noted by USGS expert Keith Kvenvolden: -the Oregon coast -the Pacific coast of Central America -the permafrost of Alaska -the coast of Norway -the California coast -the Gulf of Mexico -the coast of Japan -the coast of the Carolinas -the Artic coast of Canada's NW Territories -the Antarctic ice sheet -the West Indes

  10. Gas hydrates.

  11. Peak shifted forward from 1962 to post 2000 due to: • Technology developments: aid in finding and producing oil. • i.e. 3D seismic, drilling refinements, construction developments… • 2. More efficient use of hydrocarbons: cars, home, business • Foreseeable problems in future-not exactly sure when….. • Population increase worldwide • 3rd world countries- economic expansion • Chinese expansion- bicycle for car…. • Kyoto treaty- 3rd world nations don’t have to adhere to pollution standards… • Alternative energy developments possibly tied to oil price…??

  12. Global Climatic Cycles in Geologic Time from L E Waite (2002), modified from Fischer (1984)

  13. Temperature change last 2000 years http://dels.nas.edu/dels/rpt_briefs/Surface_Temps_final.pdf

  14. Temperature change @ different time scales… Glacial and Interglacial Periods http://dels.nas.edu/basc/Climate-LOW.pdf

  15. Greenland ice cores- paleo-temperatures over last 40,000 yearsa. Top- shows long term warming trend following cold trend- Gulf Stream further north now.B. bottom 3 showsignificant warmingbeginning 16,500 yrs ago

  16. Alternative energy sources: • Nuclear- still some resistance due to Chernobyl • Biomass- waste use, not volumetrically important? • Solar and wind: locally useful… • Gas to Liquids: possibilities, process used by Nazi Germany in • WWII….hydrates…. • e. Hydrogen: ‘fusion’ type reactions… • f. Fuel cells/batteries…

  17. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/warnings/stories/

  18. Global Warming??

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