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Ivor Richards:Translation is very probably the most complex type of event yet produced in the evolution of the cosmos. . Marks of thriving translation studies: . ---Translator training is flourishing as an academic and professional pursuit in its own right, with more and more graduate programs being set up around the world. .
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1. Translation Theory & Practice (1) Course No. 1400141
3. Marks of thriving translation studies:
4. ---Translation studies has also attracted the attention of scholars working in a variety of different fields, who are publishing widely.
5. Some facts in China: In China, many universities offer postgraduate programs oriented to academic pursuit of translation. Since 2006, some universities began to enroll undergraduates specialized in translation, and now a few universities (e.g. Guangdong University of Foreign Studies) have begun to offer practice-oriented MIT program.
6. In June this year, the doctoral degree in translation studies has been conferred to the first 6 candidates in the Mainland of China, who are oriented to research either in translation history or in Sino-foreign translation theories.
7. Contents 1. Translation Studies as an academic pursuit 2. E. Nida: functional equivalence 3. German functional theory (functionalist theory for distinction), with emphasis on Skopos theory.
8. 1. Translation Studies (TS) as an academic pursuit
9. James Holmes: TS Now it refers to the study of translation at large, including literary and non-literary translation, interpreting, as well as dubbing and subtitling. It also covers the research of translation teaching and learning activities and translation assessment and criticism.
10. Map of TS Territory: Descriptive TS (prod/proc/func) Pure TS TS Theoretical TS Applied TS (Practical application)
11. Formal Equivalence by J. Catford, Dynamic/functional equivalence by E.A. Nida, Pragmatic equivalence by Werner Koller; Foreignization and domestication by L.Venuti, Relevance theory by Ernst-August Gutt, Polysystem and norms by Tuory, Skopos theory by Reiss and Vermeer.
12. 2. E. A. Nida: functional equivalence Based on a socio-linguistic theory of language, the work of Eugene Nida represents a landmark in translation studies.
13. Basic assumptions underpinning the theory ?universalist rather than particularist view of language ?communicative view of the translation process
14. Functional equivalence procedures include: ---Substituting more appropriate target-language cultural material for less-accessible source-language items. ---Making references which are implicit in the source text linguistically explicit in the target language. ---Regulating redundancy in order to facilitate comprehension.
15. At the same time, there can be no absolute correspondence between languages, which is also true of the kind of responses which are supposed to be generated by functionally equivalent translations, and this can never be identical with what the original brings out from its original readers.
16. Example: What kind of man read our magazine? Hes his own man. An individualist. And he can afford to express himself with style in everything from making friends to the way he dresses. (Ad)
17. 3. German Functionalist Theory
18. Four stages: K. Reisss functionalist translation criticism; H. Vermeers Skopos theory; J. Holz-Mnttris theory of translational action; C. Nords function plus loyalty.
19. In 1971, Reiss developed a translation criticism model, stressing that the target text should be equivalent to the source text in conceptual content, linguistic form and communicative function. But she found that in real situations equivalence might be not possible, and even not desired, and the functional factor may take priority over the normal equivalence standards. But on the whole, Reiss aims to achieve the functional equivalence between the translated text and the source text.
20. Vermeer breaks through the equivalence theory and puts forward his Skopos theory, and he considers translation as a type of human action based on a source text. And the chief principle of translation is the purpose of the overall translational action.
21. Holz-Mnttri develops Skopos theory further. Based on the principle of action theory, she places translation in its socio-cultural context, including the interaction between the translator and the initiating institution.
22. Nord revised Skopos theory, and put forward the principle function plus loyalty in order to avoid radical functional practices.
24. Two other general rules are: ?The coherence rule: the target text must be coherent enough, considering the assumed target readers background knowledge and situational circumstances, so that he can understand it. ?The fidelity rule: inter-textual coherence between the translation and the source text. Within the theory, inter-textual coherence is taken to be secondary to intra-textual coherence.
25. Translation defined under the theory: Translation is the production of a functionally appropriate target text based on an exiting source text and the relationship between the two texts is specified according to the translation Skopos.
26. Three major kinds of purpose in translation are recognized within the Skopos framework: ---the communicative purpose aimed at by the target text; ---the strategic purpose aimed at in using a particular translation procedure; ---the general purpose aimed at by the translator. Such purposes cannot be equally important.
27. The success or failure of a translation is ultimately decided by whether it can be interpreted successfully by the target reader in a manner that is consistent with what is expected of it. The decisive factor is the specified Skopos, and the source text is just one constituent of the commission given to the translator, and thus dethroned.
28. Who decides what the skopos of a particular translation will be? A straight answer might be: the client who initiates the process of translation. However, translation requirements are not always sufficiently detailed regarding what strategy to use, what type of translation would be most suitable, etc.
29. Example: ABC Central Air Conditioner SAVE UP TO 50% ON YOUR ELECTRICITY TECH 2000 HD DELUXE CENTRAL AIR CONDITIONER ---High Efficiency-means lower operating costs. ---Our New Deluxe Central Air Conditioner-with deluxe protective features. ---Low Sound Level for That Quiet Comfort. ---Designed With Serviceability in Mind. ---10 Year Limited Compressor Warranty.
30. TECH 2000 HD ??????????50% --- ?????????????? --- ????????????????????? --- ??????????? --- ????????? --- ????????
31. 3.2 Translation errors under functionalist translation theory
32. For functionalism, a translation error is an offence against: 1. Function/purpose of the translation, 2. Intra-/inter-coherence of the text, 3. Text type or text form, 4. Linguistic conventions, 5. Specific culture, conventions and conditions, 6. Language system.
33. Translation errors can be classified generally into such a hierarchy as: 1. Pragmatic translation errors 2. Cultural translation errors 3. Linguistic translation errors 4. Text-specific translation errors With different dominant translation purposes, this ranking order may be different.
34. 4. Comparison between Nidas and the functionalist theory
35. Differences: Nida: role of the reader as one of the core factors; the target reader response to the translated text comparable with that of the original reader to the source text. Functionalism: prominent role of the translator; translation strategies are various, determined by translation purposes, and comparability of different readers response as only one of those effects determined by translation purposes.
36. Thanks and Goodbye!
