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Chapter 8. Understanding and Installing Hard Drives. You Will Learn…. About hard drive technologies How communication with hard drive BIOS is accomplished How a hard drive is logically organized to hold data How to install a hard drive How to solve hard drive installation problems.
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Chapter 8 Understanding and Installing Hard Drives
You Will Learn… • About hard drive technologies • How communication with hard drive BIOS is accomplished • How a hard drive is logically organized to hold data • How to install a hard drive • How to solve hard drive installation problems
Hard Drive Technologies • How the hard drive reads and writes data to the drive • How the hard drive interfaces with the system
Types of Hard Drive Interfaces • EIDE (Enhanced Integrated Device Electronics) interface standard • Used by most hard drives • Applies to other drives besides hard drives • Complex method of organizing tracks and sectors on the disks • Other interface standards
EIDE Standards • Define how hard drives and other drives relate to the system • Drives other than hard drives can use EIDE interface if they follow the ATAPI (Advanced Technology Attachment Packet Interface) • Specify data transfer speed more than any other single factor
EIDE Standards • Support two IDE connections, a primary and a secondary • Each connection can support up to two IDE devices for a total of four devices on a system • Possible configurations • Primary IDE channel, master device • Primary IDE channel, slave device • Secondary IDE channel, master device • Secondary IDE channel, slave device
Other Interface Standards • SCSI • Second most popular interface • IEEE 1394 (FireWire and i.Link) • Uses serial transmission of data • Popular for multimedia and home entertainment • Fibre Channel • For high-end systems with multiple hard drives • Can be faster than SCSI, but expensive
How Hard Drives Work • One, two, or more platters are stacked together and spin in unison • Read/write heads • Controlled by an actuator • Move in unison across disk surfaces as disks rotate on a spindle • Require a hard drive controller
IDE Technology • Used by almost all hard drives • Use a varying number of sectors for each cylinder, depending on how close the cylinder is to the outer edge
Tracks and Sectorson an IDE Drive • Older MFM and RLL technologies use straightforward method of writing tracks and sectors • Number of bytes per track is determined by the centermost track • IDE drives use zone bit recording
Low-Level Formatting • Tracks and sector markings are written on the hard drive at the factory • IDE drives cannot be low-level formatted as part of preventive maintenance • OS does high-level formatting by executing remainder of the format process (creating boot sector, FAT, and root directory)
Communicating withthe Hard Drive BIOS • With IDE drives, system BIOS and OS communicate with hard drive controller BIOS; only hard drive controller BIOS deals with physically locating data on the drive
Calculating Drive Capacity on Older Drives • # cylinders (tracks) x # heads x # sectors = “N” • Divide “N” by 1,024 to convert to KB, then by 1,024 again to convert to MB
Adjusting for More Complex Hard Drive Organization • CHS (cylinder, head, sector) mode or normal mode used for drives less than 528 MB • Large mode or ECHS (extended CHS) used for drives between 504 MB and 8.4 GB • LBA (logical block addressing) mode used for drives larger than 504 MB • OS and software can bypass system BIOS and communicate directly with the controller BIOS using device drivers
Installations Using Legacy BIOS • Let the BIOS see the drive as a smaller drive • Upgrade the BIOS (best solution) • Upgrade the entire motherboard • Use software that interfaces between the older BIOS and the large-capacity drive • Use an adapter card that provides the BIOS to substitute for system BIOS
How a Hard Drive Is Logically Organized to Hold Data • Drive must have track and sector markings written on it • A file system must be installed • Files needed to boot the PC must be copied to the root directory of the drive
Steps to Prepare a Hard Drive to Hold Files • Low-level format • Partitioning the hard drive • High-level format
Hard Drive Partitions and Logical Drives • Partition table is exactly 512 bytes long, occupying one sector • Active partition • Partition of the hard drive used to boot the OS • Contains only a single logical drive (drive C) • Always the first partition on the drive
Choice of File Systems • FAT16 • Virtual File Allocation (VFAT) • FAT32 • NTFS (New Technology file system)
How Many Logical Drives • Use multiple logical drives to optimize space and access time to the drive • The larger the drive, the larger the cluster size, and the more slack or wasted space • Goal is to use as few logical drives as possible and still keep cluster size to a minimum • Use Fdisk, Diskpart, or Disk Management to create logical drives
When to Partition a Drive • When you first install a new hard drive • If an existing hard drive is giving errors • If you suspect a virus has attacked the drive • To wipe hard drive clean and install a new OS
During Formatting… • OS format for each logical drive creates: • OS boot record • FAT • Root directory
Installing a Hard Drive • Set jumpers/DIP switches on drive; physically install drive inside case; attach power cord and data cable • Inform CMOS setup of new drive, or verify that autodetect correctly detected the drive • Use Fdisk to create partition(s) on the drive and divide extended partition into logical drives • Use Format command to high-level format each logical drive • Install the OS and other software
Prepare for Installation • Keep notes • Have a good bootable disk or Windows 9x rescue disk available • Read documentation • Plan drive configuration • Prepare work area and take precautions
