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Early Zionism

This overview explores the early development of Zionism amidst the backdrop of widespread persecution of Jews in Europe during the 19th century. From the impact of pogroms in Eastern Europe to the rise of secular nationalism in the West, the movement sought to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine. Key figures such as Moses Hess, Leo Pinsker, and Theodor Herzl championed the cause, culminating in the First Zionist Congress in 1897. This period marked a significant shift in Jewish identity and national aspirations as they faced hostility and sought self-determination.

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Early Zionism

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  1. Early Zionism IAFS/JWST 3650

  2. Outline • European Persecution of Jews • Development of Zionism • Zionist Settlers in Holy Land

  3. Jewish Life inEastern and Western Europe • W Europe (mid/late-19th c): • Economic integration • Growth of secular nationalism • Jews widely assimilated by end 19th c

  4. Jewish Life inEastern and Western Europe • E Europe (mid/late-19th c): • Religious hostility, poverty • Russian restriction of Jews to Pale of Settlement

  5. Pogroms [Puh-GRAHMS] • 1881: Czar Alexander II assassinated • Russian government response targets Jews • Organized attacks on Russian Jews

  6. Russian Jewish Responses • Mass migration from Russia to US • 1m refugees by 1900 • 1.6m refugees by 1914

  7. Development of Zionism • 1860s: Moses Hess, Plan for the Colonization of the Holy Land • Proposals not taken seriously • 1882: Leo Pinsker, Auto-Emancipation • To win equality, Jews must become nation among nations • EretzYisrael best location

  8. Development of Zionism • 1886: Nathan Birnbaum • Zionism is “movement to reestablish a Jewish nation in Palestine.”

  9. Theodor Herzl (1860-1904) • Made his brand of Zionism into a world issue • Assimilated Hungarian/Austrian Jew • Shocked by Dreyfus Affair

  10. Dreyfus Affair • 1894: French army officer Alfred Dreyfus falsely accused of spying for Germany • Bitter anti-semitic reaction • 1906: Dreyfus exonerated

  11. Herzl, The Jewish State (1896) • Herzl reported on Dreyfus trial • Confirmed pessimism about assimilation • “In vain are we loyal patriots . . . in vain do we make the same sacrifices of life and property as our fellow-citizens . . . In countries where we have lived for centuries we are still cried down as strangers.”

  12. Herzl, The Jewish State (1896) • “I think we shall not be left in peace.” • Therefore Jews needed a state of their own • But where?

  13. First Zionist Congress, Basel (1897) • “Zionism seeks to establish a home for the Jewish people in EretzYisrael secured under public law.” • Called for settlement, organization, strengthening Jewish national feeling, and obtaining governmental consent

  14. QuickThink • Why did the Basel Congress produce such a vague declaration?

  15. Themes • Early nationalisms . . . related to land? • Russian pogroms: • Drove out millions of Russian Jews • Boosted Jewish discussion about alternative home

  16. Themes • Dreyfus Affairs confirmed worst fears re failure of assimilation • Herzl won outside attention for this internal debate

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