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Ebola

Ebola. The Deadly African Virus Presented by Claudia Hacker. Ebola Virus Introduction. First appeared in Africa 1976 “African Hemorrhagic Fever” acute,mostly fatal disease causes blood vessel “bursting” systemic (all organs/tissues) humans and nonhuman primates Excluding ‘2000 outbreak

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Ebola

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  1. Ebola The Deadly African Virus Presented by Claudia Hacker

  2. Ebola Virus Introduction • First appeared in Africa 1976 • “African Hemorrhagic Fever” • acute,mostly fatal disease • causes blood vessel “bursting” • systemic (all organs/tissues) • humans and nonhuman primates • Excluding ‘2000 outbreak • 1,500 cases • over 1,000 deaths

  3. Ebola Taxonomy Scientific Classification Order: Mononegavirales Family: Filoviridae Genus: Ebola like viruses Species: Ebola Subtypes • Ebola-Zaire, Ebola-Sudan,Ebola-Ivory Coast • disease in humans • Ebola-Reston • disease in nonhuman primates Copyrighted Dr. Fre:derick A. Murphy, D.V.M., Ph.D. 1976.

  4. Filoviridae or“Filoviruses” • Most mysterious virus group • Pathogenesis poorly understood • Ebola • natural history/reservoirs unknown • exist throughout the world • endemic to Africa • filamentous ssRNA- (antisense) viruses Image courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control

  5. Ebola Pathogenesis • Enters Bloodstream • skin, membranes,open wounds • Cell Level • docks with cell membrane • Viral RNA • released into cytoplasm • production new viral proteins/ genetic material • New viral genomes • rapidly coated in protein • create cores Copyright: Russell Kightley Media, Australia

  6. Ebola Pathogenesis, cont • Viral cores • stack up in cell • migrate to the cell surface • produce trans-membrane proteins • push through cell surface • become enveloped by cell membrane • ssRNA- Genome Mutations • capable of rapid mutation • very adaptable to evade host defenses and environmental change • Theory • virus evolved to occupy special niches in the wild

  7. Symptoms and Diagnostic Tests • Early symptoms • muscle aches, fever, vomiting • red eyes, skin rash, diarrhea, stomach pain • Acute symptoms • bleeding/hemorrhaging from skin, orifices, internal organs • Early Diagnosis • very difficult • signs & symptoms very similar to other infections • Laboratory Test • PCR detection • ELISA (enzyme-linked immuno-absorbant) assay

  8. Treatment • No Standard Treatment available • Patients receive supportive therapy • treating complicating infections • balancing patient’s fluids and electrolytes • maintaining oxygen status and blood pressure

  9. Prevention • No vaccines! • Patients are isolated • Medical Staff Training • western sanitation practices • intake • care during stay • after patient dies • Infection-control Measures • complete equipment and area sterilization

  10. Prevention After Death Virus contagious in fluids for days • Burial use extreme caution • handling and transport • cultural practices/ religious belief • incinerate all waste !!!!

  11. Ebola Epidemiology • Reservoirs in Nature • largely unknown • possibly infected animals (primates?) • Transmission • direct contact blood/secretions of infected person • possible airborne(Reston primate facility) • Onset of illness abrupt • incubation period: 2 to 21 days • infections are acute and mostly deadly

  12. Latest Morbidity and Mortality Reports • Ebola-Reston Virus Infection Among Quarantined Nonhuman Primates -- Texas, 1996 • report describes death and blood testing of cynomolgus monkey imported from the Philippines held in a private quarantine facility in Texas • Outbreak of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever ---Uganda, August 2000--January 2001 • report describes surveillance and control activities related to the EHF outbreak • presents preliminary clinical and epidemiologic findings

  13. Current Basic Research • The assembly of Ebola virus nucleocapsid requires virion-associated proteins 35 and 24 and posttranslational modification of nucleoprotein • Report describes distinct VP35 and VP24 proteins mechanism of regulation for filovirus assembly • suggests new approaches for viral therapies and vaccines for Ebola and related viruses • Detection of antibodies against the four subtypes of Ebola virus in sera from any species using a novel antibody-phage indicator assay • assesses the presence of specific antibodies in serum • describes development of a novel assay for the detection of seroconversion irrespective of Ebola virus subtype or animal species

  14. References • Reemergence of Ebola Virus in Africa; Anthony Sanchez et al,EID Volume 1 * Number 3 July-September 1995 http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol1no3/sanchez.htm • Viral Hemorrhagic Fever, Healthlink, Medical College of Wisconsin, 2000 http://healthlink.mcw.edu/article/955159073.html • Isolation and Phylogenetic Characterization of Ebola Viruses Causing Different Outbreaks in Gabon Emerging Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ,February 5, 1997 http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol3no1/courbot2.htm • Hemorrhagic fevers; Julia Barrett, Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine, Gale Research, 1999 http://www.findarticles.com/cf_dls/g2601/0006/2601000652/p1/article.jhtm l Key Issues in the Prevention and Control of Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Clarence J.Peters, MD, Special Pathogens Branch/Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1997 http://www.cdc.gov/od/ohs/sympsium/symp43.htm • Scientific Stock Images Library; Russell Kightley Media,Australia http://www.rkm.com.au/imagelibrary/index.html • Outbreak of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever ---Uganda, August 2000--January 2001, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Vol 50, No 05;73, 02/09/2001 / 50(05);73-7 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5005a1.htm • Ebola-Reston Virus Infection Among Quarantined Nonhuman Primates -- Texas, 1996 Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Vol 45, No 15;314  ,April 19, 1996 / 45(15);314-316 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00040920.htm The assembly of Ebola virus nucleocapsid requires virion-associated proteins 35 and 24 and posttranslational modification of nucleoprotein, Huang Yet al, Mol Cell. 2002 Aug;10(2):307-16. PMID: 12191476 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12191476&dopt=Abstract Detection of antibodies against the four subtypes of ebola virus in sera from any species using a novel antibody-phage indicator assay.; Meissner F et al , PMID: 1235035 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12350354&dopt=Abstract

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