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CHAPTER 22 LABORATORY CAREERS

CHAPTER 22 LABORATORY CAREERS. Clinical Laboratory Science. Laboratory personnel do not usually have contact with the patient Excellent vision and manual dexterity is needed. Box 22-1 Laboratory Careers. Clinical Laboratory Science (Continued). Pathologist

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CHAPTER 22 LABORATORY CAREERS

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  1. CHAPTER 22LABORATORY CAREERS

  2. Clinical Laboratory Science • Laboratory personnel do not usually have contact with the patient • Excellent vision and manual dexterity is needed

  3. Box 22-1 Laboratory Careers

  4. Clinical Laboratory Science(Continued) • Pathologist • Medical doctor who examines specimens of body tissue, fluids, and secretions to diagnose disease • Education • Medical school • Specialized education and training • Clinical laboratory scientist (CLS) • Also called laboratory technologist • Performs clinical laboratory testing and analyzes results • Education • Bachelor’s degree plus 1 year training program • CT (Certified Technologist) requirement • Bachelor’s degree and examination

  5. Clinical Laboratory Science(Continued) • Cytotechnologist • CLS who specializes in preparation and screening of cells for diagnosis • Chemistry technologist • CLS who specializes in analyzing body fluids and wastes

  6. Clinical Laboratory Science (Continued) • Clinical laboratory technician (CLT)/Medical laboratory technician (MLT) • Works under the supervision of a laboratory technologist or pathologist • Education • Two years of training • Some states require certification or licensure • Histology technician (HT) • Medical laboratory technician specializing in histology

  7. Clinical Laboratory Science (Continued) • Medical laboratory assistant • Perform routine tests under the supervision of the technologist or other qualified personnel • Education • 1 year of training in a hospital or a 2-year college or vocational program • Certification is available • Phlebotomist • Obtain and process blood specimen • Education • Community college or vocational program • On the job training

  8. Table 22-1 Laboratory Careers Educational Costs and Earnings

  9. Blood Banking • Careers in blood banking include: • Donor recruitment • Collection and processing of donor blood • Testing and typing of blood • Laboratory supervision • Teaching

  10. Blood Banking (Continued) • Careers in blood banking include: • Specialists in blood bank technology (SBB) • Select donors, draw blood, type blood, and run pretransfusion test to ensure safety of recipient • Must be certified medical laboratory technologist and have a baccalaureate degree • Completion of 12-month blood bank specialist program

  11. Life Science • Life scientist or researcher studies living organisms and life processes • Responsible for development of new drugs, plant varieties, methods of treatment, and methods of environmental protection • Education: • Master’s degree or doctoral-level preparation

  12. Life Science (Continued) • Careers in life science include: • Biotechnologist • Explore the genetic design of plants and animals • Microbiologist • Study bacteria, algae, ceruses, and other microorganisms that cause disease or may be used to prevent disease • Virologist • Specialize in researching the method by which viruses infect cells and cause disease • Mycologist • Study fungal organisms such as mold and yeast

  13. Life Science (Continued) • Careers in life science include: • Immunologist • Use the body’s defense mechanisms (antibodies) to fight disease • Biochemist • Analyze the effect of hormones, enzymes, serums, and food on tissue and organs of animals • Biochemistry technologist • Work under a biochemist • Requires a 2-year associate degree or vocational program

  14. Microbiology • Study of life forms that can be seen only with powerful magnification • Microorganism (microbes) are present in the air and on the surfaces of all object • Some cause no harm • Normal flora are microorganisms that usually live in a certain location of the body. Resident microorganisms are microorganisms that are always present • Transient microorganisms are found temporarily • Parasites are microorganisms that harm the host organism • Aerobic organisms survive can live in presence of oxygen • Anaerobic cannot live in presence of oxygen

  15. Microorganisms • Five major groups of microorganisms that cause disease in humans: • Bacteria: most common • Fungi: grows in groups or colonies • Protozoans cause a variety of disorders • Viruses: cause illness inside the cell • Rickettsiae: cannot live outside living tissue

  16. Table 22-4 Pathogenic Microorganisms and Their Associated Diseases

  17. Figure 22-5 Bacteria

  18. Infection • Infection is a state of disease caused by the presence of pathogenic microorganisms in the body • Several factors must be present for a microorganism to cause disease • Portal of entry for the organism • Microorganisms must have a mode of transmission • Transferred by direct contact or droplets of water in the air • Transferred by other animals, plants, and fomites

  19. Figure 22-4 Infection Process

  20. Epidemiology • Study of diseases occurring in human populations • Includes contagious (communicable) diseases and the distribution, causative factors, and prevalence of infectious, chronic, and degenerative disease • Use demographic data • Communicable diseases • Caused by specific organisms that are capable of producing a contagious disease • Epidemic: outbreak of a disease that affects a large number of people

  21. Secretions Analysis • Study of secretions through separation of the liquid and solid portions of a specimen using centrifugal force • Specimen is spun at high speed • Each portion can be then be seen under a microscope or used for testing • Clinical chemistry • Deals with analysis of the serum portion of blood, urine, spinal fluid, and other body fluids • Hematology is the study of the components of formed, or solid, elements of blood and blood-forming tissue

  22. Immunology • Study of how the blood cells prevent disease caused by microorganisms • Immunohematology is a specialized branch of immunology • Studies and identifies blood groups • Uses 300 blood factors to cross-match blood before it is used for transfusion

  23. Defense Systems of the Body • First line of defense is the skin • Acts as a barrier to prevent microorganisms from entering the body • Second line of defense is the action of the phagocytic cells of the immune system • Immune system prevents infection by producing antibodies and antitoxins to combat the action of pathogens that enter the body • Immunity can be either inborn or acquired

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