China/Japan/India

1. China/Japan/India Sui/Tang/Song-China Fujiwara-Japan Delhi Sultanate-India

2. China Refinement of a Chaotic China

3. China • Frank: It's the same old story. Boy finds girl, boy loses girl, girl finds boy, boy forgets girl, boy remembers girl, girls dies in a tragic blimp accident over the Orange Bowl on New Year's Day. Jane: Goodyear? Frank: No, the worst.

4. Sui Dynasty • The Sui Dynasty (589-618 C.E.) • The Sui Dynasty reunified China and its boarders and later expand China • A strong military helped to stabilize China • The Sui developed a code of laws • The Sui also introduced written examinations for Confucian students for civil service appointments • The Tang would take this new found stability and improve upon it and China

5. The Grand Canal • Dug between 605 and 609 C.E. • Took an enormous amount of labor to build the canal • The canal extended almost 1,200 miles linking the Yangzi Valley to Beijing • The canal allowed for extended trade, a long distance supply route for the army and government control of the wealth in the Yangzi Valley

6. Tang Dynasty • The Tang (618-906 C.E.) • Expanded China into Manchuria, Mongolia, Tibet and Korea • The Tang enforced a tribute system for areas that it controlled • Developed and efficient government based on the teaching of Confucius and educational system for the elite

7. Tang • Economy • With the • Reunification of the country • Opening of the Grand Canal linking north and south • Expansion of the Central Asian Silk Route • Expansion of sea routes • Lead to great prosperity in China under the Tang

8. Class Question • How does this increase in trade effect • China? • The countries China trades with? • What major concept is a by-product of trade?

9. Tang • Economy • Tea • Went from being a herb for keeping people awake to becoming a major item of trade • Silk • Made China extremely wealthy • Remained a secret to only the Chinese • Greater trade networks allowed for more demand across the world for silk

10. Tang • Foreigners • Due to extensive trade and open ports foreigners were common in China • Foreign religions like • Islam, Judaism, Christianity, were practiced in China • Foreign Influences like • Silver-smithing, music and new technologies were introduced

11. Tang • Society • The Tang remained an aristocratic society • Most bureaucrats came from elite families who could afford to send their sons to school to be educated • Educated men wrote poems and some of the greatest Chinese poets were of this time like Du Fu

12. Tang • Emperor Xuanzong • Welcomed Buddhist and Daoist to court • Conducted great ceremonies • Established a poets society • Created imperial parks

13. Tang • Class Question • What does Emperor Xuanzong’s legacy say about China under the Tang Dynasty?

14. Tang • The end of the Dynasty • By the 800’s military failures on the frontiers, peasant revolts, caused the Dynasty to break apart • By 906 C.E. the Dynasty did fall and China did split itself into several different nation states • This would last from 1000 C.E. to 1200 C.E. until the Song Dynasty reunited China

15. Tang • Conclusion • The Tang Dynasty had developed art, architecture, science, philosophy, silk weaving, transportation systems, and most importantly poetry • China under the Tang had become a Classical Empire to rival the later empires of Europe

16. Song • Ruled central China from the Yellow River to Vietnam • Lasted until 1279 C.E. • The Song Empire was marked by a series of wars and alliances • Between 916-1110’s the Song paid tribute to the Liao who were north of the Song • In 1110’s the Song made and alliance with the Jurchens who were on the northern side of the Liao • The Liao were trapped between the Song and the Jurchen and the Liao were destroyed • The Jurchen (Jin) and the Song proclaimed victory and the Song had to retreat at the threat of the Jin

17. Song • Society • Steady population growth • Urbanized society • Cities with one million inhabitants • Port of canton became the largest seaport in the world • Strong ties with Japan and Korea

18. Song • Economics • Received goods from merchants all over the world • Japan • Korea • Southeast Asia • Malaysia • India • Traded silk with the world

19. Song • Technology • One of if not the most advanced societies in the world at that time • Mathematics • Astronomy • Accurate clocks • Working compass at sea • Gunpowder • Paper currency • Block printing

20. Song • Religion • Revival of Confucianism • This helped unify a politically unstable China by creating • Hierarchy • Social stratification • Obedience • Acknowledged the importance of education • Rigorous civil service exams • New form of Buddhism (Chan) • Stressed the idea of meditation

21. Song • Women • Confucianism was used as a justification of subordination • Arranged marriages • Women needed to have dowries • Foot-binding • The practice of keeping women’s feet bound to keep them dainty • Most women were crippled by the practice • Feet were bound at birth and while the rest of the body grew the feet did not • The practice was very painful for women • This practice would continue until the 1900’s

22. Song • Women • Lower class women had more freedom then upper class women • Still secondary to men • Could inherit property • Could divorce

23. Song • Fall of the Song • While the Song enjoyed peace and prosperity its weak military could not hold off the Jurchan (Jin) • Finally in 1279 C.E. the Mongols invaded China and the Song Dynasty fell • The Mongols would establish the Yuan Dynasty until 1368 C.E.

24. Song • Conclusion • The Song had developed a large trade and city system in China • The Song had also developed a large seafaring trade system and the largest port in the world • The Song spread Chinese influence across Asia by the means of literature which would influence Japan and Korea

25. Japan

26. Japan • Japan consist of four main islands off the coast of Asia • Because Japan was an island nation it was relatively isolated with limited exchange of ideas and goods • Little is known of Japan prior to 400 C.E. • Japan was influenced by China and Korea • The Yamato Clan was the first and only clan to rule Japan (They still rule today)

27. Japan • Shinto • “The way of the gods” • Worshipped kami • Nature and all the forced of nature seen and unseen • Under Shinto the idea is to become one with kami • Uses ritual and customs • Encourages obedience and proper behavior • The belief that the emperor was a descendent of the sun god-thus divine

28. Japan • Chinese Influence • The Chinese had a tremendous influence on Japanese • Art • Architecture • Literature • Religion • Both Confucianism and Buddhism arrived in Japan by the 700’s • Japan soon became the center for Eastern Asia study of Buddhism • Most Japanese adopted Buddhism while still practicing Shinto

29. Japan • Japan borrowed the legal codes of the Tang Dynasty called the Taika Reforms • Japan also built their capital city modeled after the Tang Capital • However the Japanese rejected Confucianism and the civil service exams

30. Japan • Class Question • Why would the Japanese reject Confucianism and the civil service exams?

31. Japan • It placed too much importance on education. • In Japan your rank at birth was more important to your status as a person • Class systems in Japan were based on heredity

32. Japan • The Fujiwara • By the early 800’s the Emperor wanted to break free of the Buddhist influence • The capital was moved to Heian • Japanese consciousness developed • Aristocratic families began to increase • One aristocratic family who through intermarriages with the emperors families gained power were the Fujiwara

33. Japan • Fujiwara • Began to run the affairs of the country • Power shifted from the emperor to the Fujiwara family • The emperor was seen as only a figurehead • Under the Fujiwara there was Golden Age of Japanese • Art, literature • Women were also seen as having rank in Japan • Some women were nobles

34. Japan • Taira-Minamoto War • While the Fijiwara had increased Japanese culture they had neglected the military • They had delegated military matters to various clans • These clans became powerful and began fighting for land and power • A civil war broken out between two of the strongest clans • Taira • Minamoto • The Taira at first won and controlled the government however the Minamoto rose up, defeated the Taira in a five year civil war and took control of the government calling it a • Shogunate

35. Japan • However by the 12th century with the large influx of noble families everyone was fighting for land in Japan • Japan would develop a feudal system like Europe

36. Japan • Feudal System • The feudal system in Japan developed at the same time as the feudal system in Europe-however neither had knowledge of the other • As stated before the Emperor was only a figurehead • In 1192 Yoritomo Minamoto was given the title of Shogun or chief general • Below the Shogun were the daimyo • Below the Shogun were the Samurai • Below the Samurai were the Peasants

37. Japanese Classes Samurai Daimyo Shogun Ashikaga Takauji 1305 - 1358

38. Japan Emperor –figurehead Shogun Chief General Daimyo Landowner Samurai with noble blood Samurai Warriors who held small pieces of land Peasants Enough said Europe King –usually a figurehead Lord-L Large landowner Noble blood Knights Warriors who held small pieces of land Peasants Enough said Feudal Japan v. Feudal Europe

39. Feudal Japan v. Feudal Europe • Similarities • Peasants • Worked to support the upper classes • Each hierarchy was based on land for loyalty exchange • Differences • Women in Japan were treated with higher respect-some were nobles • The land ownership contract in Europe was based on law • The land ownership contract in Japan was based on group identity and loyalty • I am what I am a samurai and I know my place in society • Both systems were based on culture

40. Japan • Important Shogunates • Kamakura Shogunate • 1200-1300 • Kept Khubiliai Khan’s Yuan China from invading Japan • Ashikaga Shogunate • 1336-1573 • Developed a strong sense of Japanese culture • Painting, music, philosophy, landscaping • Strong economic trade • Zen Buddhism • Tea Ceremony • Lost power when it was unable to stop a series of civil wars • Japan would be divided in civil wars from 1573 to the middle 1600’s

41. India The Muslims Arrive

42. India • Background • Prior to 1022 C.E. India was in a state of disunity • The Gupta Empire had collapses in 550 C.E. • (Question what other are of the world does this sound like at almost the very same time?) • At about 700’s Muslims reached the Indian boarders • They moved into the Indus Valley region and what is today Pakistan • By 1000 they were ready to invade India • (Question what other famous invasion was about to take place in 1066 C.E. that would change the face of another country)

43. India • The Muslims Invade • For over two hundred years the Muslims kept fighting an annexing pieces of India • In 1206 the Muslims captured Delhi • At Delhi they established a sultan known as the Delhi Sultanate which ruled India from 1206-1520 • The Delhi Sultanate fell under the control of the Abbasid Caliphate and became its own Caliphate in 1258 with the destruction of the Abbasid

44. India • Delhi Sultanate • Allowed Hindus to still practice their own religion though the Muslims hated the thought of many gods • However tried to convert India to Muslim • Non Muslim Indians had to pay a tax to the Sultanate • Hindus and Muslims did not mix and did not always get along • There was often violence between both groups

45. India • Class Questions #1 • What might be an advantage of the Muslim invasion in India for Indian people? Who might take advantage of this invasion and who would not like the invasion? #2 • Knowing what you know about India and Pakistan today what could you generalize about the problems today? #3 • What are some fundamental differences between Islam and Hinduism?

46. India • Progress under the Sultanate • Improvements in farming • Irrigation systems • Muslim women held more rights than Hindu women and could divorce • Muslim Architecture mixed with Hindu • Indians in the north converted to Islam

47. India • Fate of the Sultanate • At about 1350 the Sultanate reached its peak • However after this time many Hindu areas began to break free of Muslim rule and control • In 1398 the Mongols moved into India under the leadership of Timur Lang who destroyed a good portion of India and Delhi • The Delhi Sultanate survived but was badly weakened

48. Zen Gardens

49. Zen Gardens • Karesansui, or the "dry-landscape" style Japanese gardens have been in existence for centuries, but it wasn't until the late sixth century with the advent of Zen Buddhism did "dry style" gardens began to evolve.  • Around the eleventh century, Zen priests adopted the "dry landscape" style and began building gardens to serve a different purpose. They were to be used as an aid to create a deeper understanding of the Zen concepts.

50. Zen Gardens A Zen garden takes careful consideration and care to create an appropriate atmosphere. • Earthy, natural elements are the primary components of these gardens. • Every rock, plant or sand spread has both meaning and special placement. • The number three is often represented in these gardens. Three can represent the Buddhist Trinity, Sanzon-ishi-gumi, or it can symbolize the sky, earth and humanity.