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Understanding DNA: The Instruction Manual of Life

Explore the fundamental role of DNA as the blueprint for life. This educational content delves into why we teach scientific concepts the way we do, examining the connection between assertion and evidence. We will learn how DNA contains the instructions for protein synthesis, the significance of replication, and how the recipe analogy enhances comprehension of genetic processes. By illuminating how DNA and proteins function, we can appreciate the complexities of life at a molecular level. Join us in uncovering the mechanisms that drive biological systems.

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Understanding DNA: The Instruction Manual of Life

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Presentation Transcript

  1. Why How? Lab 4: DNA – the instructions for life

  2. First things first: • Why do we teach the way that we teach?

  3. Modeling • Why we do it • How to tell if we’re doing it right

  4. What’s the difference... • Between assertion and evidence? • What constitutes a valid, coherent scientific argument that X is true? • Is the earth the center of the solar system? Justify!

  5. Sense-making created by Piotr Kaczmarek http://dd.dynamicdiagrams.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/orrery_2006.swf

  6. Is today ‘science’?Are these ‘investigations’? • The goal of science is to create simplifying worldview that is predictive and explanatory. • You’ll never feel the pull of electronegativity, the ‘pH-ey’ presence of a proton. But thinking in this way helps you explain, predict? • That’s what we’re going for today in this way of looking at the bases

  7. Why use analogies? (181 only) • http://www.technologystudent.com/struct1/arch1.htm

  8. Where we’ve been • Proteins and how they get their shape • Hemoglobin – explored one awesome protein in detail

  9. Where we’re going • HOW does the cell know how to make Hemoglobin (and every other protein)? • Where are the instructions? • How are these instructions ‘read’? • Who does the building? • How can it be that none of the builders can ‘think’, ‘read’ or ‘understand’?

  10. DNA! • Is the instruction molecule of the cell • Proteins are the action molecules of the cell • DNA contains the instructions for building proteins

  11. Atoms: They’re how life works • DNA, RNA: C, H, N, O, P, [Mg++] • Carbs: C, H, O • Protein: C, H, N, O, (S), (P) How can this small assortment of atoms be used to both build the machines of the cell (proteins) AND store the instructions for the machines (DNA)?

  12. Primary goals • Consider the necessary properties of a chemical that ‘is’ instructions • Understand DNA stores and relays the instructions • Understand HOW the bases go together • See that pairing is replication (storing) and transcription (relaying)

  13. How to make sense of DNA? • Recipe book analogy

  14. Now it’s your turn! • Have students do the Info-flow exercise

  15. Once you have finished Information Flow, come up and get a worksheet. • The worksheet is a series of questions concerning how the analogy relates to the processes of replication and transcription/translation, so it will be beneficial to pay attention to what is written in the exercise as you do it • It will be worth points on your quiz next week

  16. How does the recipe analogy make us smarter? • The whole recipe book = ?

  17. How does the recipe analogy make us smarter? • The whole recipe book = ? • all the DNA in a cell (the whole genome)

  18. How does the recipe analogy make us smarter? • The whole recipe book = ? • all the DNA in a cell (the whole genome) • What does a recipe represent?

  19. How does the recipe analogy make us smarter? • The whole recipe book = ? • all the DNA in a cell (the whole genome) • What does a recipe represent? • Gene = section of DNA = instructions for making a protein

  20. How does the recipe analogy make us smarter? • The whole recipe book = ? • all the DNA in a cell (the whole genome) • What does a recipe represent? • Gene = section of DNA = instructions for making a protein • The recipes for how many different dishes are in the book?

  21. How does the recipe analogy make us smarter? • The whole recipe book = ? • all the DNA in a cell (the whole genome) • What does a recipe represent? • Gene = section of DNA = instructions for making a protein • The recipes for how many different dishes are in the book? • How many different types of genes are in the genome (all the DNA in a cell)?

  22. How does the recipe analogy make us smarter? • The process of making a copy of the whole recipe book = ?

  23. How does the recipe analogy make us smarter? • The process of making a copy of the whole recipe book = ? • The process of REPLICATION

  24. How does the recipe analogy make us smarter? • The process of making a copy of the whole recipe book = ? • The process of REPLICATION • How much of the book would you want a copy of?

  25. How does the recipe analogy make us smarter? • The process of making a copy of the whole recipe book = ? • The process of REPLICATION • How much of the book would you want a copy of? • How much of the DNA would a new cell want a copy of?

  26. How does the recipe analogy make us smarter? • The copy of the recipe book that was given to you = ?

  27. How does the recipe analogy make us smarter? • The copy of the recipe book that was given to you = ? • the copy of all the DNA that a new cell gets when it is made

  28. How does the recipe analogy make us smarter? • The copy of the recipe book that was given to you = ? • the copy of all the DNA that a new cell gets when it is made • Things to think about: • If you had just been given the recipe book, would you make EVERY recipe in the book?

  29. How does the recipe analogy make us smarter? • The copy of the recipe book that was given to you = ? • the copy of all the DNA that a new cell gets when it is made • Things to think about: • If you had just been given the recipe book, would you make EVERY recipe in the book? • Does a cell make all of the proteins that it has the instructions for?

  30. How does the recipe analogy make us smarter? • The copy of the recipe book that was given to you = ? • the copy of all the DNA that a new cell gets when it is made • Things to think about: • If you had just been given the recipe book, would you make EVERY recipe in the book? • Does a cell make all of the proteins that it has the instructions for? • Put another way – does a ‘liver cell’ make all the proteins the DNA it contains has the instructions for?

  31. How does the recipe analogy make us smarter? • Clarifications: • REPLICATION is just the very first part of the analogy (making a copy of the recipe book). • It is a separate process from everything else that follows

  32. How does the recipe analogy make us smarter? • Process of making a photo copy of the recipe = • the processes of TRANSCRIPTION (making a copy of RNA from DNA) • Photo copy of the recipe =? • Strand of mRNA • How much of the recipe book should be taken to a picnic to make just one recipe? • How much of the DNA would need to be copied to make just one protein? • How permanent does the recipe copy need to be? • How permanent does the copy of the DNA (copy = mRNA) need to be?

  33. How does the recipe analogy make us smarter? • Process of making a photo copy of the recipe =

  34. How does the recipe analogy make us smarter? • Process of making a photo copy of the recipe = • the processes of TRANSCRIPTION (making a copy of RNA from DNA)

  35. How does the recipe analogy make us smarter? • Process of making a photo copy of the recipe = • the processes of TRANSCRIPTION (making a copy of RNA from DNA) • Photo copy of the recipe =?

  36. How does the recipe analogy make us smarter? • Process of making a photo copy of the recipe = • the processes of TRANSCRIPTION (making a copy of RNA from DNA) • Photo copy of the recipe =? • Strand of mRNA

  37. How does the recipe analogy make us smarter? • Process of making a photo copy of the recipe = • the processes of TRANSCRIPTION (making a copy of RNA from DNA) • Photo copy of the recipe =? • Strand of mRNA • How much of the recipe book should be taken to a picnic to make just one recipe?

  38. How does the recipe analogy make us smarter? • Process of making a photo copy of the recipe = • the processes of TRANSCRIPTION (making a copy of RNA from DNA) • Photo copy of the recipe =? • Strand of mRNA • How much of the recipe book should be taken to a picnic to make just one recipe? • How much of the DNA would need to be copied to make just one protein?

  39. How does the recipe analogy make us smarter? • Process of making a photo copy of the recipe = • the processes of TRANSCRIPTION (making a copy of RNA from DNA) • Photo copy of the recipe =? • Strand of mRNA • How much of the recipe book should be taken to a picnic to make just one recipe? • How much of the DNA would need to be copied to make just one protein? • How permanent does the recipe copy need to be?

  40. How does the recipe analogy make us smarter? • Process of making a photo copy of the recipe = • the processes of TRANSCRIPTION (making a copy of RNA from DNA) • Photo copy of the recipe =? • Strand of mRNA • How much of the recipe book should be taken to a picnic to make just one recipe? • How much of the DNA would need to be copied to make just one protein? • How permanent does the recipe copy need to be? • How permanent does the copy of the DNA (copy = mRNA) need to be?

  41. How does the recipe analogy make us smarter? • Following the instructions on the copy of the recipe =

  42. How does the recipe analogy make us smarter? • Following the instructions on the copy of the recipe = • Translation

  43. How does the recipe analogy make us smarter? • Following the instructions on the copy of the recipe = • Translation • How many sandwiches could be made from the photo copy of the recipe at the picnic?

  44. How does the recipe analogy make us smarter? • Following the instructions on the copy of the recipe = • Translation • How many sandwiches could be made from the photo copy of the recipe at the picnic? • How many proteins can be made from the mRNA?

  45. How does the recipe analogy make us smarter? • Turkey club sandwich =

  46. How does the recipe analogy make us smarter? • Turkey club sandwich = • a specific protein

  47. How does the recipe analogy make us smarter? • Turkey club sandwich = • a specific protein • Every different dish in the recipe book =?

  48. How does the recipe analogy make us smarter? • Turkey club sandwich = • a specific protein • Every different dish in the recipe book =? • all the different types of proteins

  49. How does the recipe analogy make us smarter? • Turkey club sandwich = • a specific protein • Every different dish in the recipe book =? • all the different types of proteins • **Remember: A genome (all the DNA in a cell) stores the information needed to make every different protein • **However, only a small subset of proteins is ever made by a specific type of cell

  50. Important point to remember: • REPLICATION is a completely separate process from TRANSCRIPTION/TRANSLATION • Transcription DOES not directly follow Replication • REPLICATION is the copying of the entire genome (ALL the DNA) in order to provide a new cell with a copy • TRANSCRIPTION is the copying of a section of DNA (gene) to make mRNA (a temporary messenger molecule) • TRANSLATION is the ‘reading’ of the mRNA in order to build a protein

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