Chapter 12

1. Chapter 12 Jacksonian Democracy Web

2. Origins of Jacksonian Democracy • Debate in 1819 over Missouri • Rooted in 1803 Louisiana Purchase • Slavery tied to Missouri Petition for statehood • Debate over sectional power, not morality of slavery • Compromise, 1820 • Maine admitted as free state (carved out of Massachusetts) • Missouri admitted as slave state • Slavery outlawed from Missouri’s southern border northward

3. Origins of Jacksonian Democracy(cont.) • Opened Arkansas to slavery, outlawed it everywhere else in Louisiana Purchase • Laid bare different sectional ideas about slavery in the territories • Panic of 1819 • Multitude of international causes • Hit cities and countryside both • Fed public opposition to banks

4. Development in National Politics • Jeffersonians had lost their way after 1816 • Abandoned ideas of small-government and states’ rights • Crises of 1819 and 1820 prompted a return to the party’s principles • Role of Martin van Buren in creating Democratic Party • Election of 1824 • Four-way race that broke back of the Republican Party • John Quincy Adams and John C. Calhoun elected • Charges of a corrupt bargain between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay • Andrew Jackson vowed to get revenge and return majority rule to politics

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6. John Quincy Adams in the White House • Foreign policy successes as secretary of state • Rush-Bagot Treaty, 1817 • British-American Convention of 1818 • Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819 • Monroe Doctrine, 1823 • Goal at home was an ambitious nationalist program • Expansion of government power and action • Nothing accomplished • Politically, did little to prepare for election of 1828

7. Election of 1828 • Clear from 1825 it would pit Adams against Jackson • Van Buren backed Jackson and helped to create the new Democratic Party • States rights, limited government agenda of the Jeffersonians • Linked popular democracy with a defense of slavery • Unite southern planters with northern plain folk

8. Election of 1828 (cont.) • Campaign was an exercise in slander • Voter turnout double that of 1824 • Big win for Jackson • Common people turned out to celebrate Jackson’s inauguration in March 1829 • Inaugural address a vague endorsement of Democratic principles • Van Buren as secretary of state • Other appointments not as promising • Led to furor over spoils system and use of patronage

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10. Jacksonian Democracy and the South • Staunchest support for Jackson in 1828 • Debate in administration over how best to protect the region • Vice President Calhoun favored concept of states’ rights • Secretary of State Van Buren believed the Union was inviolable and that the South could best be protected by8 a strong democratic Party • Disagreement set stage for confrontation of who would succeed Jackson

11. The South and the Indian Question • “Civilized Tribes” still had large presence in Old Southwest by the 1820s • Recognized as sovereign peoples by Congress and Treaties • Southern whites resented Indians’ presence and wanted control of their land • Also raised question of states’ rights • Struggle in Georgia between state government and the Cherokees

12. The South and the Indian Question (cont.) • Indian removal Act of 1830 would move Cherokees to federal land west of Mississippi • Supreme Court intervention • Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 1830 • Indians as “domestic dependent nations” • Worcester v. Georgia, 1832 • Banned Georgia’s extension of state law into Cherokee land • Jackson refused to obey • States continued to encroach on Civilized Tribes • Trail of Tears in 1838 complete removal

13. The South and the Tariff • Tariff of 1828, designed to win votes for Jackson in Old Northwest and Middle Atlantic, worried the South • Denounced by Southern legislatures • South Carolina took lead in opposition • Spoke of nullification and made states’ rights arguments • Pressure on Jackson to make modifications • Tariff of 1832 reduced rates but kept tariff in place • Led South Carolina to nullify Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 both • Jackson refused to accept nullification • Called the Force Bill to authorize military action • Henry Clay engineered compromise Tariff of 1833

14. The “Petticoat Wars” • Involved Secretary of War John Henry Eaton and his wife, Peggy • Split the administration, and Washington high society • Entire Cabinet, save Secretary of State Van Buren, shunned the Eatons • Opposition headed by Vice President Calhoun • Enraged Jackson, who purged the offenders and made Peggy Eaton his official hostess in the White House • Power struggle between Calhoun and Van Buren resulted in latter’s choice as vice president in 1832 • Van Buren then became Jackson’s chosen successor • Jackson came to rely increasingly on informal “Kitchen Cabinet”

15. Growing Controversy over Slavery • Evangelicals adopted postal campaign in 1835 • Flooded mail with antislavery tracts • Began petition campaign in 1836 • Bombarded Congress with antislavery petitions • Disagreement in Jackson administration about proper response • Postal campaign thwarted through state censorship without federal interference • Gag rule on petitions as Congress chose to table them without a reading • Reflected Democrats’ efforts to protect southern slavery while ensuring the inviolability of the federal Union

16. Jacksonian Democracy and the Market Revolution • Battle over appropriate governmental role in economy • Second Bank of the United States became focus of dispute • Exercised control over nation’s monetary and credit system • Supported by Businessmen, distrusted by public • Jackson saw as concentration of power that threatened the republic

17. Jacksonian Democracy and the Market Revolution (cont.) • Jackson’s opponents tried to engineer crisis by applying for Bank’s re-charter four years early • Jackson vetoed, with message that served as manifesto for Jacksonian Democracy • Tried to use veto against Jackson in presidential campaign of 1832 • Backfired, as public supported Jackson • After winning re-election, Jackson removed federal deposits from Bank • Took three treasury secretaries before he found one willing to assent • Essentially destroyed Bank

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19. Origin of the Whig Party • Opposed to Jackson’s perceived “executive usurpation” • Bank War • Over-use of veto • Spoils system • Core of old National Republican coalition became new Whig Party • Joined by southerners upset at Jackson’s opposition to nullification • Continued partisan disagreement on the economy • Governmental surplus demanded federal attention • Deposit Act (1836) increased number of banks receiving federal deposits • Specie Circular (1836) set rules for purchase of federal lands with specie and banknotes

20. The Second American Party System • Whigs ran sectionally based campaigns in 1836 • Democrats ran a united front behind Martin van Buren • Panic of 18377 hit just after van Buren took office • Almost all segments of the economy hurt • Commercial and export sectors suffered most • Administration sought Independent Treasury as solution • Whigs scored big gains in mid-term elections in 1838 • Whigs believed they had good chance to win in 21840 • Blamed Van Buren for Panic • Sought to build consensus by nominating William Henry Harrison • Whig victory completed creation of second American party system

21. ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. Presidential Election , 1836

22. ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. Presidential Election, 1840 Web