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Adulthood: Cognitive Development

Adulthood: Cognitive Development. Age 25 + What is adult IQ, and how does expertise develop?. What is intelligence?. Spearman’s “G” General intelligence One basic trait Inferred from vocabulary, memory, & reasoning. How is age related to intelligence?.

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Adulthood: Cognitive Development

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  1. Adulthood: Cognitive Development Age 25 + What is adult IQ, and how does expertise develop?

  2. What is intelligence? • Spearman’s “G” • General intelligence • One basic trait • Inferred from vocabulary, memory, & reasoning

  3. How is age related to intelligence? • IQ – Once thought to decline after age 20 • Now only thought to decline at age 60, 70, 80 • Seattle longitudinal study • Intellectual functioning in older adults increases if they do paid work that is intellectually stimulating.

  4. What are the components of intelligence?

  5. What are two clusters (types) of intelligence? • Fluid intelligence • Quick and flexible • Provides easy learning • Good working memory & abstract thought • Decreases during adulthood • Can be temporarily counteracted by crystallized intelligence • Crystallized intelligence • Accumulated learning • Vocabulary - Language • Increases during adulthood

  6. Fluid & Crystallized intelligence

  7. Do you remember? • What is Spearman’s “G”? • What is the difference between fluid and crystallized intelligence? • Which declines with age? • How can this decline be temporarily counteracted?

  8. What are Sternberg’s types of intelligence? • Analytic intelligence • Book smarts • Remembering things in high school and college • Creative intelligence • Flexible • Imaginative thinking • Not standard or conventional • Practical intelligence • Street smarts

  9. How does age effect intelligence?

  10. What do you gain and lose with age?

  11. How can selective optimization& compensation help adults? • People select what they want to focus on • E.g. Pediatric nursing (Selection) • People compensate for aging or other difficulties • E.g. Wear glasses or increase type size on computer (Compensation) • Build their nursing expertise (Optimization)

  12. Expert Cognition (Thinking) How do experts think?

  13. What is a selective expert? • Everyone has more skill and knowledge than others in what they are interested in

  14. What determines who is an expert? • E.g. Brain surgeon • More skilled and knowledgeable than novices

  15. How do experts think? • Intuitive • Rely on past experience • More intuitive, less Stereotypical • Knows when to bend formal procedures and rules • E.g. “Gut feeling” that this is what to do • Automatic • Thinking without deliberate, conscious thought • E.g. Driving • Process most tasks automatically • Saving conscious thought for unfamiliar challenges

  16. How do experts think?Cont. • Strategic • Better strategies handling unexpected problems • Flexible • Being creative and flexible when needed. • Example = “The miracle on the Hudson” Flight

  17. What is the relationship between expertise and age? • Expertise needs time, training, ability and practice to develop • Expertise can sometimes overcome the effects of age • Experienced adults often use selective optimization with compensation

  18. Do you remember? • What are Sternberg’s three types of intelligence? • How can adults use their intellectual strengths to compensate for declining abilities? • What is intuitive and automatic thinking?

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