The Development of the English Colonies

1. The Development of the English Colonies

2. Four Colonial Regions • New England • Middle • Southern • Backcountry

3. The New England Region • Massachusetts • Vermont • New Hampshire • Connecticut • Rhode Island

4. The Voyage of the Mayflower • In the early 1600s, a religious group called the Separatists called for a break with the Church of England • The Pilgrims were a Separatist group who received harsh treatment under the reign of King James • They first left England for Holland

5. The Voyage of the Mayflower • Pilgrims received a charter from the Virginia Company to settle in North America • The Mayflower landed at Plymouth in November 1620. • Plymouth was outside of the Virginia Company’s boundaries so the Pilgrims signed the Mayflower Compact. • Helped establish the idea of self-government and majority rule

6. The Pilgrims Found Plymouth Half the group was dead by spring…..why?

7. The Pilgrims Found Plymouth • Native American named Squanto taught them how to plant, hunt, and fish • Squanto acted as translator between Pilgrims and groups such as the Wampanoag, Pequot, and the Narragansett • Traded with Native Americans and shipped lumber back to England for profit • Celebrated the first Thanksgiving sometime in the fall of 1621 with the Native Americans

8. The Pilgrims Found Plymouth

9. The Puritans Come to Massachusetts Bay • Puritans left England between 1630 and 1640 to escape bad treatment by King James I • Didn’t want to break from Church of England – wanted to reform, or “purify”, its practices • They left England by the 1000s. Became known as the Great Migration.

10. The Puritans Come to Massachusetts Bay • Received a royal charter to settle in New England and arrived in 1630. • Arrived with 11 well-supplied ships and 1000 passengers to the Massachusetts Bay Colony. • Colonial governor John Winthrop stated the new colony would be a commonwealth, a community in which people work together for the good of the whole.

11. The New England Way • Only male church members could vote or hold office • Elected representatives to lawmaking body called General Court EVERYONE HAD to attend church • Meetinghouse • Church • Town meetings • “New England Way” describes both Puritan • beliefs and society • duty • godliness • hard work • honest Work ethic helped New England colonies grow rapidly All children required to learn to read by law so they could read the Bible

12. Connecticut Is Formed • In 1636, Thomas Hooker moved his congregation to the Connecticut Valley • Wrote and adopted the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut in 1639 • Extended voting rights to non-church members and limited the power of the governor

13. New Hampshire • First village founded at Portsmouth in 1623 • John Wheelwright established the town of Exeter in 1638 • Town founders drew up the Exeter Compact; modeled after the Mayflower Compact

14. Challenges to Puritan Leaders Roger Williams Anne Hutchinson Challenged church authority by conducting discussions in her home Believed a person could worship without the help of a church, minister, or Bible Fled to Rhode Island in 1638 • He founded the Baptist church and the colony of Rhode Island • He opposed forced church attendance and the taking of Native American land

15. Challenges to Puritan Leaders • Quakers believed each person could know God through an “inner light” without the help of a minister or Bible. • Also believed in fair treatment of Native Americans • Quakers were whipped, imprisoned, and hanged.

16. The Towns of New England • As Puritan congregations grew, so did the towns surrounding the churches • Land divided up among members of congregations • Tradespeople, like blacksmiths and carpenters, set up shops to meet the needs of the townspeople

17. The Farms of New England • Farming in New England was not a common way of life for most • Practiced subsistence farming, which is to grow enough for your family but not enough to make a living off of • Why do you think New Englanders didn’t grow large cash crops?

18. The Farms of New England • Short growing season • Cooler average spring and fall temperatures • Soil is very rocky and sandy • Crops crave rich, moist soil

19. Cities of New England

20. Harvesting the Sea • The forests abundant timber and cities on the coast made shipbuilding a main source of income • The Atlantic Ocean was described as “…a great pasture where our children’s grandchildren will go for bread!” • Fishing • Whaling • Trade

21. Triangular Trade

22. Effects of New England Growth • King Phillip’s War • Navigation Acts • Changes in Puritan Societies • Salem Witchcraft Trials

23. King Phillip’s War • Differences in ideas of land ownership between Europeans and colonists • As towns and settlements grew, European encroachment of Native American land led to conflict • King Phillip’s War, from 1675 – 1676, occurred between the Wamponoag and the Puritans • The Wamponoag suffered greatly: • Casualties • Sold into slavery in the West Indies • Forced to become laborers for English towns

24. Navigation Acts of 1651 • Designed to ensure England received part of New England’s trading profits • 1. All shipping had to be done in English ships or ships made in English colonies. • 2. Products such as tobacco, wood, and sugar could only be sold to England or its colonies. • 3. European imports to the colonies had to pass through English ports. • 4. Any colonial good not shipped to England would be taxed. • To avoid paying taxes, many goods were traded illegally, or smuggled.

25. Changes in Puritan Society • Economic success led many to care less about religion • Increasing competition from other religious groups • Massachusetts received a new royal charter in 1691 that granted the right to vote based on land ownership – not church attendance

26. The Salem Witchcraft Trials