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Chapter 18 American History 2

Chapter 18 American History 2. The Progressive Movement. 18.1 The Roots of Progressivism 18.2 Roosevelt in Office 18.3 The Taft Administration 18.4 The Wilson Years. 18.1 The Roots of Progressivism. The Rise of Progressivism Making Government Efficient Democracy and Progressivism

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Chapter 18 American History 2

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  1. Chapter 18 American History 2

  2. The Progressive Movement • 18.1 The Roots of Progressivism • 18.2 Roosevelt in Office • 18.3 The Taft Administration • 18.4 The Wilson Years

  3. 18.1 The Roots of Progressivism • The Rise of Progressivism • Making Government Efficient • Democracy and Progressivism • The Suffrage Movement • Social Welfare Progressivism •  Progressives vs. Big Business

  4. The Rise of Progressivism • The era 1890 to 1920 is known as the Progressive Era. • Progressivism was a collection of different ideas and activities about how to fix the problems within society.

  5. The Rise of Progressivism • Progressives believed government should be active in solving society’s problems. • They believed that government needed to be more responsive to people. • They also believed that they could fix society’s problems by applying scientific principles to society.

  6. The Rise of Progressivism • The muckrakers were a group of journalists who investigated social conditions and political corruption. • Their articles put pressure on politicians to introduce reforms. • Muckraker Jacob Riis published his book How the Other Half Lives in 1890. • The book described poverty, disease, and crime in many immigrant neighborhoods in New York City. Jacob Riis

  7. Making Government Efficient • One group believed that problems could be solved if government was efficient. • They felt applying the principles of scientific management would make government efficient. • They thought that managing a city required experts, not elected politicians.

  8. Making Government Efficient • They wanted to replace the existing system with a commission plan. • The plan require a board of commissioners or a city manager to hire specialists to run city departments. • In 1901 Galveston, Texas, was the first to adopt the commission system.

  9. Democracy and Progressivism • Governor Robert La Follette of Wisconsin criticized how political parties ran their conventions. • He pressured the legislature to require a direct primary, an election in which all party members vote for a candidate to run in the general election.

  10. Democracy and Progressivism • Progressives introduced three new reforms: • The initiative allowed citizens to introduce legislation and required the legislature to vote on it. • The referendum allowed proposed legislation to be submitted to the voters for approval. • The recall allowed voters to demand a special election to remove an elected official from office.

  11. Democracy and Progressivism • They also wanted the direct election of senators. • In 1912, Congress passed the direct-election amendment. • In 1913, it was ratified it as the Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution.

  12. The Suffrage Movement • Suffrage is the right to vote. • The movement for women’s voting rights was known as the suffrage movement. • In July 1848, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organized the first women’s rights convention. Elizabeth Cady Stanton

  13. The Suffrage Movement • The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments protected the voting rights of African Americans. • They did not apply to women.

  14. The Suffrage Movement • By 1900, only Wyoming, Idaho, Utah, and Colorado had granted voting rights to women. • The National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) was formed in 1890. • The head of the NAWSA’s congressional committee, Alice Paul, used protests to force President Wilson to take action on woman suffrage.

  15. The Suffrage Movement • She eventually left and started the National Woman’s Party. • They picketed the White House and went on hunger strikes if arrested. • On August 26, 1920, the states ratified the amendment guaranteeing women the right to vote.

  16. Which amendment guaranteed women the right to vote? • The 19th amendment

  17. Social Welfare Progressivism • Social welfare progressives created charities and pushed for laws to fix social problems. • The National Child Labor Committee worked to end child labor. • Workers labored in dangerous conditions. Immigrant children protesting child labor

  18. Social Welfare Progressivism • The work environment became safer with the creation of: • building codes • workers’ compensation laws • zoning laws • health codes Immigrant children protesting child labor

  19. Social Welfare Progressivism • The temperance movement called for the moderation or elimination of alcohol. • Many progressives believed alcohol was the cause of many of society’s problems. • In 1874 the Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) was formed.

  20. Social Welfare Progressivism • At first the movement worked to reduce alcohol consumption. • Later it pushed for prohibition–laws banning the manufacture, sale, and consumption of alcohol.

  21. Progressives vs. Big Business • Progressives wanted to regulate big business, but they disagreed on how. • Some believed government should break up big companies to restore competition. • Others wanted government agencies to regulate big companies and prevent them from abusing their power.

  22. Progressives vs. Big Business • Socialism, the idea that the government should own and operate industry for the community as a whole, was supported by a small minority. • Eugene Debs led the American Socialist Party. • He was the party’s candidate for president in the election of 1912. • Most still supported the American system of free enterprise.

  23. What is the artist’s views about socialism?

  24. 18.2 Roosevelt in Office • Roosevelt Revives the Presidency • Social Welfare Action • Conservation

  25. Roosevelt Revives the Presidency • Theodore Roosevelt’s reform program was known as the Square Deal. • He was a progressive and a Social Darwinist. • He believed reforms were needed for the U.S. to be efficient enough to compete internationally.

  26. Roosevelt Revives the Presidency • The fight for control of the Burlington Railroad erupted on the New York Stock Exchange. • E. H. Harriman of the Union Pacific Railroad and James J. Hill and J. P. Morgan of the Great Northern and Northern Pacific Railroads argued over stock, which could have led to a recession. • The three men compromised by creating a new holding company called Northern Securities. James J. Hill

  27. Roosevelt Revives the Presidency • Roosevelt felt Northern Securities violated the Sherman Antitrust Act. • He ordered a lawsuit to be filed. • In 1904, the Supreme Court ruled that Northern Securities had violated the Sherman Antitrust Act.

  28. Roosevelt Revives the Presidency • The United Mine Workers (UMW) union called a strike of the miners who dug coal. • The miners of eastern Pennsylvania demanded a pay increase, reduction in work hours, and recognition for their union. • The strike went on for months, threatening a coal shortage.

  29. Roosevelt Revives the Presidency • Roosevelt urged the union and owners to accept arbitration, a settlement imposed by an outside party. • The union agreed, but the owners did not. • Mine owners finally agreed after Roosevelt threatened to have the army run the mines. • In 1903, Congress created the Department of Commerce and Labor.

  30. Roosevelt Revives the Presidency • Within the department, the Bureau of Corporations had the authority to investigate corporations and issue reports on their activities. • In 1906, the Hepburn Act tried to strengthen the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) by giving it the power to set railroad rates.

  31. Roosevelt Revives the Presidency • Over time, railroads learned how to work with the ICC to set rates and regulations that limited competition and prevented new competitors from entering the industry.

  32. Social Welfare Action • By 1905 consumer protection became a national issue • In 1906 Upton Sinclair’sThe Jungle described his observations of Chicago slaughterhouses. • As a result, federal legislation was passed.

  33. Social Welfare Action • The Meat Inspection Act required federal inspection of meat sold and set standards of cleanliness in meatpacking plants. • The Pure Food and Drug Act prohibited the manufacture, sale, or shipment of impure or falsely labeled food and drugs.

  34. Read About the Jungle on page 571.

  35. Conservation • Roosevelt urged Americans to conserve natural resources. • In 1902, the Newlands Reclamation Act authorized the use of federal funds from public land sales to pay for irrigation and land development projects. Roosevelt at Yosemite

  36. Conservation • Roosevelt appointed Gifford Pinchot to head the U.S. Forest Service and manage timber on federal lands in the West. • Americans increasingly looked to the federal government to solve the nation’s problems. • The executive branch of government greatly increased in power.

  37. 18.3 The Taft Administration • Taft Becomes President • Taft’s Progressive Reforms

  38. Taft Becomes President • Theodore Roosevelt endorsed William Howard Taft for the election of 1908. • Taft easily defeated the Democratic candidate, William Jennings Bryan. • Taft had a slow approach to problem solving that led to conflicts with the progressives.

  39. Taft Inauguration

  40. Taft Inauguration

  41. Taft Becomes President • Taft felt high tariffs limited competition, hurt consumers, and protected trusts. • He called Congress into session to lower tariff rates. • Speaker of the House Joseph G. Cannon had the power to push bills through without discussion. Taft

  42. Taft Becomes President • Many progressives wanted to unseat him because he blocked their legislation. • Taft stopped the Republican campaign against Cannon. • In return, Cannon pushed the tariff bill through the House. • This angered many progressives.

  43. Taft Becomes President • The Payne-Aldrich Tariff raised some tariffs instead of lowering them. • This further angered the progressives. • Gifford Pinchot and other progressives felt betrayed and angry with Taft. • Taft hired Richard Ballinger as secretary of the interior.

  44. Taft Becomes President • Gifford Pinchot charged that Ballinger had tried to turn over valuable public lands in Alaska to a private syndicate, or business group, for his own profit. • The charges were groundless, but Pinchot leaked the story to the press.

  45. Taft Becomes President • Taft fired Pinchot for insubordination, or disobedience. • In the 1910 midterm elections, the Democrats took the majority in the House and Democrats and Progressive Republicans gained control of the Senate from the conservatives. Taft

  46. Taft’s Progressive Reforms • Taft brought twice as many antitrust cases as Roosevelt. • Taft established the Children’s Bureau to fight child labor. • He was a conservationist who: • monitored the activities of the mining companies • expanded national forests • protected waterpower sites from private development.

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