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Chapter 2 – Logic

Chapter 2 – Logic . Analyzing Arguments. ANALYZING ARGUMENTS. Arguments can be analyzed, once recognized, by paraphrasing them or by diagramming them . Paraphrasing involves setting forth the argument in a clear and precise form. Excercises p 39-41

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Chapter 2 – Logic

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  1. Chapter 2 – Logic Analyzing Arguments

  2. ANALYZING ARGUMENTS • Arguments can be analyzed, once recognized, by paraphrasing them or by diagramming them. • Paraphrasing involves setting forth the argument in a clear and precise form. • Excercises p 39-41 • Diagramminginvolves the laying out the structure of the argument in two-dimensional spatial relations. • Premise and conclusion are numbered and arranged to identify the relations of support between propositions. • Excercises p 48-53

  3. ANALYZING ARGUMENTS • Some arguments are exceedingly complex, involving several arguments interwoven together. • Students must strive to understand the author’s intent and capture the flow of reasoning. • Excercises p 58-59 • Often, an argument can be analyzed in more than one way and more than one plausible interpretation may be offered. • Once the structure of the argument is revealed through careful analysis, we can consider whether the premises really do support the conclusion.

  4. ANALYZING ARGUMENTS • Problems of reasoning are interesting and effective ways to strengthen reasoning skills. • Often, the solution to such problems can be made clearer with the use of a matrix. P 61 • Another type of problem involves retrograde analysis, where we must reason from what exists to what the original state of affairs must have been at some point in the past. • Even though real-world problems are more complex—and less tidy—than such artificial problems of reasoning, they are nevertheless valuable, even fun activities. • Excercises p 65-68

  5. CHAPTER 2 • Key Terms • Diagramming Paraphrasing • Matrix Retrograde analysis • Brain teasers Authorial intent

  6. CHAPTER 2 • Questions for Discussion • 1. Take one of the examples on pp. 50-53 and paraphrase it to show its underlying structure. • Does the paraphrase help you to follow the argument? Do you find it necessary to make any unstated premises explicit? • 2. Find an argument in the newspaper on a topic of interest. Diagram the argument using the method described in the text and share your diagram with the class. • 3. What is authorial intent and why is it important to consider this when you are analyzing an argument? • 4. How can a matrix be helpful in solving a brain teaser? Apply one to the brainteasers on pp. 65-67. • 5. In what way can contrived puzzles or brainteasers strengthen reasoning skills?

  7. CHAPTER 2 • Essay • 1. Why is it unreasonable to require that every premise in an argument give immediate support for the conclusion? Provide an example that explains your answer. • 2. What are rhetorical questions? How can they be important to an argument? • 3. Why is it sometimes difficult to paraphrase an argument? • 4. What are some of the problems one faces when they are trying to determine authorial intent? Is the author always right about what they intended? Might an argument have a meaning that the author did not intend? • 5. Find an example of a complex argument in the newspaper. Paraphrase and diagram the argument and discuss how these methods helped you to understand the structure of the argument

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