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Tokugawa Confucianism

Tokugawa Confucianism. Western Confusionism. Typical Assertions. In Japan, the official guiding philosophy of the Tokugawa period (1603-1867) was Neo-Confucianism. This philosophy profoundly influenced the thought and behaviour of the educated class. Typical Assertions.

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Tokugawa Confucianism

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  1. Tokugawa Confucianism Western Confusionism

  2. Typical Assertions • In Japan, the official guiding philosophy of the Tokugawa period (1603-1867) was Neo-Confucianism. This philosophy profoundly influenced the thought and behaviour of the educated class.

  3. Typical Assertions •  Known also as Doshun, Hayashi Razan (1583-1657) established a dynasty of Neo-Confucian philosophers in the Tokugawa court, as he, and then his son, and then his son, built the uniquely Tokugawan version of Chinese Neo-Confucianism; the Hayashi family would end up heading the State University (Daigaku-no-kami ) until 1906 and would establish Neo-Confucianism as the official teaching and orthodoxy of the Tokugawa period.

  4. Typical Statements • Perhaps not surprisingly, the governments of the Ming and Qing dynasties in China and the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan adopted the Zhu Xi School of Principle as the orthodox version of Confucian philosophy, and branded Wang Yangming's thought a dangerous heterodoxy. In fact ….

  5. Typical Statements • Zhu Xi Neo-Confucianism was formally adopted as the official orthodox government teaching in 1790. Under the Kansei Edict, which made Neo-Confucianism the official philosophy of Japan, the Hayashi school was transformed into a state-run school under the control of the Shogunate in 1797.

  6. 寛政異学の禁 • 寛政2年5月24日（1790年7月6日）、江戸幕府老中・松平定信が寛政の改革で行った学問の統制である。 • 江戸幕府による朱子学を中心とした儒学政策は、徳川家康の林羅山登用に始まり、徳川綱吉の湯島聖堂建設で最高潮に達した。だが、徳川吉宗は理念的な朱子学よりも実学を重んじたこと、加えて古文辞学や古学などが流行したこともあって朱子学は不振となり、湯島聖堂の廃止さえも検討された（『甲子夜話』）。

  7. 寛政異学の禁 • 松平定信が老中となると、田沼意次時代の天明の大飢饉を乗り越え、低下した幕府の指導力を取り戻すために、儒学のうち農業と上下の秩序を重視した朱子学を正学として復興させ、また当時流行していた古文辞学や古学を「風俗を乱すもの」として規制を図った。

  8. 寛政異学の禁 • ただし、「寛政異学の禁」の本来の趣旨は昌平坂学問所などの幕府教育機関における異学の講義を禁じることを意図しており、国内の異学派による学問や講義を禁じられたわけではない。例えば、幕末期に昌平坂学問所の儒官であった佐藤一斎は元々陽明学を学んでいたため、学問所では朱子学を、自宅では陽明学を教授していたが、学問所での講義でも朱子学の学説について一通り論じた後に、本来は異学の禁に反する朱子学と陽明学の比較にしばしば踏み込んだ話をしたという.

  9. 寛政異学の禁 • また、諸藩の藩校における教育方針を規制するものではなかったものの、幕府の動向を見た各地の藩校ではこれにならうものも出、朱子学に反対する学問を唱えていた儒者は生徒が少なくなり困窮したものもあったという。

  10. “Official Ideology” • Compare with modern political regimes with an “official ideology.” • PRC 中華人民共和国 • DPRK • USSR

  11. “Official Ideology” • What does “official mean?” • “Official sponsorship” in contemporary advertising • “Official patronage” • Official orthodoxy • Without toleration of other ideologies • Have mechnaism to enforce • Lack mechanism to enforce • With toleration of other ideology

  12. “Official Ideology” • What mechanisms for transmission? • Schools? • Media? • Government publications?

  13. “Official Ideology” • What mechanisms for assuring compliance? • Secret police? • What mechanisms for punishing deviance? • Courts? • Labor camps? • What penalties for asserting “unofficial ideology?”

  14. “Official Ideology” • 儒教と仏教が分離する一方、山崎闇斎によって神儒一致が唱えられ、垂加神道などの儒教神道が生まれた。日本の儒教の大きな特色として、朱子学や陽明学などの後世の解釈によらず、論語などの経典を直接実証的に研究する聖学（古学）、古義学、古文辞学などの古学が、それぞれR鹿素行、伊藤仁斎、荻生徂徠によって始められた。

  15. Official Ideology • What mechanisms for encouraging adoption? • Exam-based civil service system? • Membership in ideology-based single political party? • Public recognition of conformity?

  16. Official Ideology • What role for Confucian scholars as such in government? • What role for Confucian rites in government? • What role for Confucian rites in personal life (death) of ruling class or common people?

  17. Official Ideology • When Japanese used terms from the Chinese neo-Confucian canon, did they • Stress the same concepts • Give the terms the same interpretation • 仁 (孔子は仁を最高の徳目としていた) • 五常（仁、義、礼、智、信） • 五倫（父子、君臣、夫婦、長幼、朋友） • 忠義

  18. Official Ideology • Did other “Confucian” regimes (Korea, China) have popular satires of “Confucian policies?”

  19. Kibyōshi (黄表紙) • A genre of Japanese picture book kusazōshi (草双紙) produced during the middle of the Edo period, from 1775 to the early 19th century. Physically identifiable by their yellow-backed covers, kibyōshi were typically printed in 10 page volumes, many spanning two to three volumes in length, with the average number of total pages being 30. Considered to be the first purely adult comicbook in Japanese literature, a large picture spans each page, with descriptive prose and dialogue filling the blank spaces in the image.

  20. “Many Japanese Confucian scholars are truly frogs who know nothing outside their own small wells, They slavishly copy everything Chinese and refer to Japan as a nation of 'Eastern Barbarians.'" Hiraga Gennai (平賀 源内, 1729–79)

  21. “Confucian” Thought • Cultivate the habit of reflecting upon your actions, and upon the intention with which they have been performed, and of thus deciding upon their moral character. This is called self-examination. It is one of the most important duties in the life of a moral, … existence.

  22. American Baptist educator, was born in New York City, New York. He was president of Brown University and pastor of the First Baptist Church in America in Providence, RI. In Washington, D.C. Francis Wayland (1796-1865)

  23. Samuel Smiles (23 December 1812 – 16 April 1904), was a Scottish author and reformer. Samuel Smiles (1812-1904)

  24. Self-Help

  25. 中村正直 (Nakamura Masanao 1832-1891) • 日本の武士・幕臣、啓蒙思想家。同人社創立者。興亜会会員。また福澤諭吉、森有礼、西周らと＜明六社＞を結成。幼名を訓太郎。通称を敬輔。号は敬宇。 • 江戸で幕臣の家に生まれる。昌平坂学問所で学び、佐藤一斎に儒学を，桂川甫周に蘭学を，箕作奎吾に英語を習った。後に教授、さらには幕府の儒官となる。幕府のイギリス留学生監督として渡英。帰国後は静岡学問所の教授となる

  26. Why use “Confucian?” • Shared concepts → use terminology that is NOT cultural specific for shared components • Conservative paternalism • Authoritarian paternalism • Reserve “Confucian” or “Victorian” for components found ONLY in a very specific context • Drop labels completely, concentrate on components

  27. Why is the term “Confucian” popular? • Simplifies • Saves reading • X refers to Y. Y is a “Confucian” concept. Therefore, (1) I don’t need to read all X writes to see if his Y is actually the Confucian Y and (2) and I don’t need to read a lot of difficult Japanese to see if when other Japanese read X writing about Y, they would interpret it as the “Confucian Y” or something completely different.

  28. Why is the term “Confucian” popular? • Calling Japanese concepts “Confucian” fits Japan into “the Japanese learned all their [high] culture from the Chinese” model. • Calling X “Confucian” sounds more pleasant than calling it “authoritarian” or “paternalistic.” • Calling X “Confucian” impresses rubes with your great knowledge of “the mysterious Orient.”

  29. スライド終了 • Course Web Page for Slides and Readings • www2.gol.com/users/ehk/waseda/history4 • ehk.servebeer.com/waseda/history4 • Office Hour • None at Waseda • Last 20-30 minutes of 5th period • Mail Address • ehk@gol.com • ehkuso@gmail.com

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