C.W. Shelmerdine Introduction to Greek 2 nd edition (Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008)

1. C.W. ShelmerdineIntroduction to Greek 2nd edition(Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008) Chapter 3

2. Shelmerdine Chapter 3 • Noun formation • The definite article • Feminine nouns of the 1st declension • Noun and adjective accents • Accents of 1st declension nouns • Prepositions • Future active indicative of thematic verbs (2nd principal part)

3. Shelmerdine Chapter 3 • Noun formation • The definite article • Feminine nouns of the 1st declension • Noun and adjective accents • Accents of 1st declension nouns • Prepositions • Future active indicative of thematic verbs (2nd principal part)

4. Shelmerdine Chapter 3 Three items to know and identify about every Greek noun: • GENDER • NUMBER • CASE

5. Shelmerdine Chapter 3 Three items to know and identify about every Greek noun: • GENDER • masculine, feminine, neuter • All nouns in this chapter are feminine • NUMBER • CASE

6. Shelmerdine Chapter 3 Three items to know and identify about every Greek noun: • GENDER • NUMBER • singular or plural • CASE

7. Shelmerdine Chapter 3 Three items to know and identify about every Greek noun: • GENDER • NUMBER • CASE – grammatical function • Nominative • Genitive • Dative • Accusative • Vocative

8. Shelmerdine Chapter 3 Three items to know and identify about every Greek noun: • GENDER • NUMBER • CASE – grammatical function • Nominative – subject • Genitive • Dative • Accusative • Vocative

9. Shelmerdine Chapter 3 Three items to know and identify about every Greek noun: • GENDER • NUMBER • CASE – grammatical function • Nominative • Genitive = “of” • Dative • Accusative • Vocative

10. Shelmerdine Chapter 3 Three items to know and identify about every Greek noun: • GENDER • NUMBER • CASE – grammatical function • Nominative • Genitive • Dative – indirect object • Accusative • Vocative

11. Shelmerdine Chapter 3 Three items to know and identify about every Greek noun: • GENDER • NUMBER • CASE – grammatical function • Nominative • Genitive • Dative • Accusative – direct object • Vocative

12. Shelmerdine Chapter 3 Three items to know and identify about every Greek noun: • GENDER • NUMBER • CASE – grammatical function • Nominative • Genitive • Dative • Accusative • Vocative – calling out to someone/something

13. Shelmerdine Chapter 3 parse/parsing • FEMININE • SINGULAR or PLURAL • NOMINATIVE, GENITIVE, DATIVE, ACCUSATIVE, or VOCATIVE

14. Shelmerdine Chapter 3 • Uses of Cases in Greek • Subject = person or thing who performs the action of the verb  nominative • Direct object = first person or thing affected by the action of the verb  accusative • Indirect object = second person or thing affected by the action of the verb  dative Genitive = more information about a noun, possession, “of” etc Vocative = used only for calling out to someone/something

15. Shelmerdine Chapter 3 • Uses of Cases in Greek: suppose someone blows up a water balloon • Subject = person who blows up the balloon  nominative • Direct object = the balloon  accusative • Indirect object = anyone who gets wet when the balloon explodes  dative Genitive = whose balloon it is, whose children are involved, etc. Vocative = calling out to someone so they don’t get wet!

16. Shelmerdine Chapter 3 • Uses of Cases in Greek: suppose X gives a gift to Y • Subject = X, as the person who does the giving,  nominative • Direct object = the gift  accusative • Indirect object = Y, who receives the gift,  dative Genitive = whose gift it is, etc. Vocative = calling out to someone

17. Shelmerdine Chapter 3 • Noun formation • The definite article • Feminine nouns of the 1st declension • Noun and adjective accents • Accents of 1st declension nouns • Prepositions • Future active indicative of thematic verbs (2nd principal part)

18. Shelmerdine Chapter 3 2. The definite article • Greek has a definite article which corresponds basically to the English word “the.”

19. Shelmerdine Chapter 3 2. The definite article • The definite article must parse the same (be the same in gender, number, and case) as the noun it refers to. • It is as if in English, when we say “the dog,” in the plural, we added “s” to both words: “thes dogs.”

20. Shelmerdine Chapter 3 2. The definite article • Because all the nouns in this chapter are feminine, only the feminine forms of the article are given: singular Nom. ἡ Gen. τῆς Dat.τῇ Acc.τήν plural Nom. αἱ Gen. τῶν Dat.ταῖς Acc.τάς The vocative never uses a definite article, but ὦregularly precedes a noun in the vocative.

21. Shelmerdine Chapter 3 • Noun formation • The definite article • Feminine nouns of the 1st declension • Noun and adjective accents • Accents of 1st declension nouns • Prepositions • Future active indicative of thematic verbs (2nd principal part)

22. Shelmerdine Chapter 3 3. Feminine nouns of the 1st declension • As with verbs, nouns in Greek have two parts: • a stem which tells you the vocabulary meaning of the noun • an ending which tells you the number and case (and sometimes a clue about gender).

23. Shelmerdine Chapter 3 3. Feminine nouns of the 1st declension • Not all Greek nouns use the same endings. • A group of nouns which use basically the same endings is called a declension. • Greek has three declensions. This chapter presents nouns from the 1st declension.

24. Shelmerdine Chapter 3 3. Feminine nouns of the 1st declension • All nouns in the 1st declension use exactly the same endings in the plural, which resemble the definite article. plural • Nom. -αι • Gen. -ῶν • Dat.-αις • Acc.-ας • Voc. = Nom.

25. Shelmerdine Chapter 3 3. Feminine nouns of the 1st declension • So a noun like τιμή(stem =τιμ) “honor” would appear: plural • Nom. τιμαί • Gen. τιμῶν • Dat.τιμαῖς • Acc.τιμάς • Voc. = Nom.

26. Shelmerdine Chapter 3 3. Feminine nouns of the 1st declension • A noun like χώρα(stem =χωρ) “country” appears thus: plural • Nom. χῶραι • Gen. χωρῶν • Dat.χώραις • Acc.χώρας • Voc. = Nom.

27. Shelmerdine Chapter 3 3. Feminine nouns of the 1st declension • A noun like θάλαττα(stem =θαλαττ) “sea” appears thus: plural • Nom. θάλατται • Gen. θαλαττῶν • Dat.θαλάτταις • Acc.θαλάττας • Voc. = Nom.

28. Shelmerdine Chapter 3 3. Feminine nouns of the 1st declension • A noun like γέφυρα(stem =γεφυρ) “bridge” appears thus: plural • Nom. γέφυραι • Gen. γεφυρῶν • Dat.γεφύραις • Acc.γεφύρας • Voc. = Nom.

29. Shelmerdine Chapter 3 3. Feminine nouns of the 1st declension • Remember these endings dictate the meaning and function of the noun: plural • Nom. τιμαί= “honors” (subject) • Gen. τιμῶν= “of honors” • Dat.τιμαῖς= “honors” (indirect object) • Acc.τιμάς= “honors” (direct object) • Voc. τιμαί= “Honors!”

30. Shelmerdine Chapter 3 3. Feminine nouns of the 1st declension • The endings of 1st declension nouns vary slightly in the singular. The most common type resembles the definite article: singular • Nom. -η • Gen. -ης • Dat.-ῃ • Acc.-ην • Voc. = Nom.

31. Shelmerdine Chapter 3 3. Feminine nouns of the 1st declension • The noun τιμή(stem =τιμ) “honor” appears as: singular • Nom. τιμή • Gen. τιμῆς • Dat.τιμῇ • Acc.τιμήν • Voc. = Nom.

32. Shelmerdine Chapter 3 3. Feminine nouns of the 1st declension • If the stem of the noun ends in ε, ι, or ρ, then a longα replaces the η: singular • Nom. -α • Gen. -ας • Dat.-ᾳ • Acc.-αν • Voc. = Nom.

33. Shelmerdine Chapter 3 3. Feminine nouns of the 1st declension • The noun χώρα(stem =χωρ) “country” appears as: singular • Nom. χώρα • Gen. χώρας • Dat.χώρᾳ • Acc.χώραν • Voc. = Nom.

34. Shelmerdine Chapter 3 3. Feminine nouns of the 1st declension • In some nouns, a shortαreplaces the ηin the nominative, accusative (and vocative) only: singular • Nom. -α • Gen. -ης • Dat.-ῃ • Acc.-αν • Voc. = Nom.

35. Shelmerdine Chapter 3 3. Feminine nouns of the 1st declension • Thus θάλαττα“sea” and γέφυρα“bridge” appear as: singular • Nom. θάλατταγέφυρα • Gen. θαλάττηςγεφύρας • Dat.θαλάττῃγεφύρᾳ • Acc.θάλατταν γέφυραν • Voc. = Nom.

36. Shelmerdine Chapter 3 Looking up a Greek noun • In a vocabulary, glossary, lexicon, or dictionary, a Greek noun is listed by its (1) nominative singular, (2) genitive singular ending, and(3) the nominative singular article. • τιμή, -ῆς, ἡ “honor” • χώρα, -ας, ἡ “country” • θάλαττα, -ης, ἡ “sea”

37. Shelmerdine Chapter 3 • Noun formation • The definite article • Feminine nouns of the 1st declension • Noun and adjective accents • Accents of 1st declension nouns • Prepositions • Future active indicative of thematic verbs (2nd principal part)

38. Shelmerdine Chapter 3 4. Noun and adjective accents • On nouns, the accent is “persistent” (the accent wants to persist on a particular syllable). Thus there are three basic patterns for accents on nouns, pronouns, and adjectives: • persistent on the antepenult • persistent on the penult • persistent on the ultima

39. Shelmerdine Chapter 3 • Noun formation • The definite article • Feminine nouns of the 1st declension • Noun and adjective accents • Accents of 1st declension nouns • Prepositions • Future active indicative of thematic verbs (2nd principal part)

40. Shelmerdine Chapter 3 5. Accents of 1st declension nouns • If a noun is persistent on the antepenult, it is effectively “recessive.” • Nom. θάλαττα • Gen. θαλάττης • Dat.θαλάττῃ • Acc.θάλατταν • Voc. = Nom.

41. Shelmerdine Chapter 3 5. Accents of 1st declension nouns • If a noun is persistent on the antepenult, it is effectively “recessive.” • Remember the effect of long vowels on writing the accent. • Nom. χὸόραα χώρα • Gen. χὸόραας χώρας • Dat.χὸόραᾳ χώρᾳ • Acc.χὸόρααν χώραν • Voc. = Nom.

42. Shelmerdine Chapter 3 5. Accents of 1st declension nouns • Two items to note: • Remember that the ending –αι(here used for the nominative plural) is short for purposes of accent, even though it is a diphthong. • In the genitive plural ending the -α-of the other endings disappears. It has been contracted into the –ων ending. Consequently, all first declension nouns have a fixed circumflex accent on the ending: -ῶν.

43. Shelmerdine Chapter 3 5. Accents of 1st declension nouns • Thus the accent moves in the plural forms, with a resulting change in the appearance of the accent. • Nom. χόὸραι χῶραι • Gen. χοοράὸὸν  χοοράὼν  χωρῶν • Dat.χὸόραις χώραις • Acc.χὸόραας χώρας • Voc. = Nom.

44. Shelmerdine Chapter 3 5. Accents of 1st declension nouns • In rare cases where the accent is persistent on the penult, it simply remains an acute on that syllable (except for the inevitable genitive plural contraction): • Nom. δικαιοσύνη δικαιοσύναι • Gen. δικαιοσύνηςδικαιοσυνῶν • Dat.δικαιοσύνη δικαιοσύναις • Acc.δικαιοσύνην δικαιοσύνας • Voc. = Nom. Voc. = Nom.

45. Shelmerdine Chapter 3 5. Accents of 1st declension nouns • For 1st declension nouns with accents persistent on the ultima: • the nominative and accusative endings bear acute accents • the genitive and dative endings bear circumflex accents.

46. Shelmerdine Chapter 3 5. Accents of 1st declension nouns • The noun τιμή(stem =τιμ) “honor” follows the ultima pattern: singular Nom. τιμή Gen. τιμῆς Dat.τιμῇ Acc.τιμήν Voc. = Nom. plural Nom. τιμαί Gen. τιμῶν Dat.τιμαῖς Acc.τιμάς Voc. = Nom.

47. Shelmerdine Chapter 3 5. Accents of 1st declension nouns • You can use sound effects to remember the pattern! singular Nom. τιμή(bam) Gen. τιμῆς(squeak) Dat.τιμῇ(squeak) Acc.τιμήν(bam) Voc. τιμή(bam) plural Nom. τιμαί(bam) Gen. τιμῶν(squeak) Dat.τιμαῖς(squeak) Acc.τιμάς(bam) Voc. τιμαί(bam)

48. Shelmerdine Chapter 3 5. Accents of 1st declension nouns • The definite article follows the ultima pattern, except that the nominative forms do not bear an accent: singular Nom. ἡ Gen. τῆς Dat.τῇ Acc.τήν plural Nom. αἱ Gen. τῶν Dat.ταῖς Acc.τάς

49. Shelmerdine Chapter 3 5. Accents of 1st declension nouns • Remember that nouns with an acute on the ultima change the accent to grave before another word: • τὴν τιμὴν ἔχομεν.“We have the honor.”

50. Shelmerdine Chapter 3 • Noun formation • The definite article • Feminine nouns of the 1st declension • Noun and adjective accents • Accents of 1st declension nouns • Prepositions • Future active indicative of thematic verbs (2nd principal part)