1 / 35

Vitamins in Ruminants

Vitamins in Ruminants. Vitamins. Organic compounds required in trace amounts for biological processes Vital amine Fat soluble A, D, E, and K Absorbed with lipids Water soluble C, B family. Vitamins. Fat soluble Vitamins A, D, E and K Water soluble

maisie-mcknight
Télécharger la présentation

Vitamins in Ruminants

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Vitamins in Ruminants

  2. Vitamins • Organic compounds required in trace amounts for biological processes • Vital amine • Fat soluble • A, D, E, and K • Absorbed with lipids • Water soluble • C, B family

  3. Vitamins • Fat soluble • Vitamins A, D, E and K • Water soluble • Thiamine, niacin, riboflavin, pyridoxine, • pantothenic acid, biotin, folic acid, • vitamin B12, vitamin C, choline • Water soluble vitamins and vitamin K synthesized in the rumen or in body tissues • Dietary requirements: Vitamins A, D, and E

  4. Vitamin Nutrition of Ruminants • Important • Some vitamins must be supplemented in the diet • Several aspects of vitamin nutrition unique to • ruminants • 3. Likely will be more important: • As productivity of ruminants is increased • With increased confinement of animals • References • Chapter 7 Dairy NRC 2001 • Chapter 6 Beef NRC 1996

  5. Vitamin Requirements of Ruminants • Ruminants require the same vitamins • as monogastric animals at cell level • Prior to rumen development young ruminants • require dietary sources of vitamins • Colostrum and milk • Concentration of vitamins in colostrum is greater • than in milk • Calves need to be fed vitamins if they are being fed • milk replacers with nonmilk protein

  6. Vitamin Requirements of Ruminants • Mature ruminants have dietary requirement for: • Vitamins A, D, and E • Vitamin D in feed or from UV exposure • B vitamins usually not supplemented in ruminant diets • High producing dairy cows sometimes benefit • from supplementation with B vitamins • Mixtures of biotin, niacin, riboflaven, panothenic • acid, thiamin, and B12

  7. Inadequate Dietary Vitamin Intakes • Low concentrations in feeds • Harvesting and agronomic effects • Processing and storage effects • Humidity, heat, light, pH, minerals, pelleting • Reduced feed intake • Bioavailability • B-vitamins affected more than fat soluble • Level of production • Increased grain intake, increased feed intake, • increased rate of passage, reduced rumen function • Rearing in confinement out of sunlight • Stress and disease • Decreased feed intake, increased requirement

  8. Factors Influencing Vitamin Stability + = stable - = unstable ( ) = tocopheryl acetate

  9. Circumstances Affecting Vitamin Nutrition • Vitamin antagonists of importance to ruminants • Dicumarin (Dicumarol) • Found in moldy sweet clover - Blocks the action • of vitamin K (Depresses formation of thrombin) • Animals can bleed internally • Rancid fats • Destroys vitamins A, D, and E • Thiamin antagonists • Thiaminase - may develop in the rumen • Amprolium blocks absorption • Sulfur may destroy thiamin in the rumen

  10. Situations for Supplementing Vitamins

  11. Vitamin A (Retinol) • Vitamin of most practical importance in ruminant feeds. • Deficiency most likely: • High concentrate feeds (low forage) • Large amounts of fermented feeds • Mature - drought pastures • Long stored feeds • Sunlight, air, high temperatures • Heavily processed feeds • Some destruction of vitamin A in the rumen • Increases when concentrates are fed • Forage diets 20% Grain diets up to 70%

  12. -Carotene • Provitamin A found in many plants • Mostly in the vegetative parts of plants • Decreases as plants mature • Decreases with time in storage • Some destruction in the rumen (0 to 35%) • Converted to retinol by enzymes in intestinal • mucosal cells • Some absorption of -carotene • Ruminants do not efficiently convert carotene • to vitamin A • 1 mg carotene = 400 IU vitamin A

  13. Vitamin A • Deficiency • Reduced feed intake - slow growth • Rough hair coat • Edema of joints and brisket • Watery eyes • Night blindness • Retinol needed for synthesis of rhodopsin • Low conception • Still births • Function of immune system

  14. Vitamin A • Functions • Normal night vision • http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/matthews/rhodopsin.html

  15. Vitamin A • Requirements • Cattle IU/kg feed DM • Growing 2,200 • Pregnant beef cows 2,800 • Pregnant dairy cows 4,000 • Lactating cows 3,900 • Sheep • Growing lambs 1,500 • Gestating ewes 3,300 • Lactating ewes 2,700

  16. Vitamin A • Requirements • Dairy cattle • Growing: 80 IU/kg body wt • Adult: 110 IU/kg body wt • Supplemental Vitamin A (retinol) • 1 IU of Vit A activity = • 0.344 ug of all-trans retinyl acetate • 0.550 ug all-trans retinyl palmitate

  17. Vitamin A – When to Supplement? • Carotene content of feeds is variable and usually • unknown • Cost of supplemental vitamin A is low – so usually • should supplement • Exception is animals grazing green forages • Should be consuming adequate carotene • Increased exposure to infectious pathogens • Times when immunocompetence may be reduced

  18. Vitamin A Reserves in the Body • Vitamin A stored in the liver when intake of • vitamin A or carotene is high • Vitamin A in the liver has about 4 week • half life • Should not depend on more that 2 to 4 • months of protection from storage of • vitamin A in the liver • Ruminants have a high tolerance for • vitamin A Will tolerate 66,000 IU/kg feed

  19. Vitamin D • Ergocalciferol (Vitamin D2) - found in plants • Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) - found in animals • Photochemical conversion in skin: • 7-dehydrocholesterol Cholecalciferol • Liver (Sequesters Vit D3) • Vit D3 25-hydroxy-vit D3 • Circulating form of Vit D3 • Blood concentrations of 25-hydroxy-vit D3 • indication of vitamin D status of the animal • Kindney • 25-hydroxy-vit D3 1, 25-dihydroxy-vit D3 • Active form of vitamin D • Active on skeleton and intestine • Potentiates action of parathyroid hormone

  20. Vitamin D from UV exposure Active Vit D3

  21. Vitamin D3 • Low blood Ca (or P) increases parathyroid hormone • secretion • Parathyroid hormone increases production of • 1,25-dihydroxy-vit D3 in kidney • Increases resorption of bone Ca and P • Involved in: • Absorption of Ca and P and mobilization of Ca • and P from bone • Regulation of blood Ca and P • Immune cell function • Reproduction of males and females

  22. Vitamin D - Ruminants • Deficiency • Rickets in calves • Swollen and stiff joints • Reduced feed intake • Tetany • Weak bones • Vitamin D can be toxic • High blood Ca • Calcification of soft tissues • Loss of appetite • Vitamin D not stored in the body in any quantity

  23. Vitamin D - Requirements • Requirement IU/kg Feed DM • All beef cattle 275 • Growing lambs 185 • Gestating ewes 216 • Lactating ewes 148 • Lactating dairy 30 IU/kg body wt • Dry pregnant cows 30 IU/kg body wt • Generally recognized as more than required • Animals fed sun cured hays and/or kept in sunlight have limited needs for supplemental vitamin D • Dairy NRC does not give credit to feed and sunlight • as sources of vitamin D

  24. Vitamin D Toxicity • Safe feeding levels: • A few days - 25,000 IU/kg feed • 60 days - 2,200 IU/kg feed • Toxicity • Loss of appetite • Weight loss • Reduced rumination • Depression • Widespread calcification of soft tissue • Kidneys, heart, pancreas, lymph glands, lung alveoli • Inflammation • Demineralization of skeletal system

  25. Feeding Mega Doses of Vitamin D • Prevent milk fever • 20 million IU/d starting 3 to 5 days before calving • continuing through the fist day postpartum • Improve tenderness of beef • Assumption: • Increased blood and muscle Ca increases • activity of calpains, enzymes in muscle • that degrade muscle myofibrils • Observations: • Blood Ca increased • Increased degradation of myofibrils • Reduced force to shear muscle

  26. Vitamin E • -tocopherol is the most common form of • vitamin E in feeds • Vit E content of feeds is highly variable • Vit E decreases in forages with drying and storage • Most fresh forages excellent source of Vit E • Most grains have low concentrations of Vit E • Heat treatment destroys most of the Vit E • Supplemental form of vitamin E is DL- -tocopherol • The esterified form is more stable than the alcohol • Rumen metabolism is minimal • 1 IU = 1 mg DL- -tocopherol

  27. Vitamin E • Functions as an antioxidant and involved in • Maintenance of cell membranes • Immunity • Reproduction • Deficiency • White muscle disease • Weak muscles • Retained placenta • Reduced reproduction • Reduced disease resistance • Toxicity not demonstrated in ruminants • Vitamin E not extensively stored in the body

  28. Vitamin E - Dairy - 2001 • 1. Dry cows 60 days before calving • 80 IU/kg feed DM • Based on reduction of mastitis and immune function • Higher amounts needed for fetus and to increase • concentration in colostrum • 2. Lactating cows • 20 IU/kg feed DM • Needs to be increased when poor quality • forage is fed or if feeds have low Se content • Supplement Se if low in soils • 3 to 5 mg /d for dry cows • 6 to 8 mg/d for lactating cows

  29. Vitamin E - Beef & Sheep • Requirement IU/kg feed DM • All beef cattle 15 to 60 • Pregnant and lactating cows 20 • Growing heifers 25 • All sheep 15 • Related to adequacy of selenium • Vitamin E not transferred across placenta to fetus • Dependent on colostrum for dietary source • Feedlot cattle • Feed 500 IU/day for 100 days. • Extend shelf life of beef cuts in the sales case

  30. Vitamin K • Vitamin K is a generic term describing a group • of quinone compounds • Phylloquinone (vitamin K1) • Found in chloroplasts of plants • Menaquinone (vitamin K2) • Synthesized by rumen bacteria • Menadione (vitamin K3) • Synthetic form used for supplementing vit K

  31. Vitamin K • Required for synthesis of four blood clotting factors • Prothrombin, factors VII, IX, and X • Involved in blood clot formation • No established supplemental requirement for ruminants • Microbial synthesis and vit K in feeds • Deficiency limited to: • Cattle consuming moldy sweet clover have • prolonged clotting of blood - “sweet clover disease” • A fungus produces dicoumarol that is a metabolic • antagonist of vitamin K • Stiffness and lameness • Uncontrolled bleeding – hematoma of tissues

  32. Other Water Soluble VitaminsNot required in diet of ruminants • Ruminants with functional rumen obtain water • soluble vitamins from the digestive tract • Niacin -------- Supplementation may benefit high • Biotin ---- producing animals • Folic acid --- • Vitamin B12 – Synthesized in rumen if Co present, • not present in feeds • Vitamin C - Not synthesized in cattle until about 3 wks • Riboflavin • Pyridoxine • Pantothenic acid • Choline

  33. Supplementation of B Vitamins • Prevent overt deficiency symptoms • Probably occur only in calves fed milk replacers • 2. Prevent subclinical deficiencies • Optimum production • Impact of stress on immune system • Niacin - May benefit early lactation cows • Biotin - May benefit herds with high incidence of • hoof lesions • Folic acid - Might increase milk production • Cobalt - B12 - (methylmalonyl CoA mutase) utilization • of propionate, foliate metabolism, milk yield • B-vitamins - immune function of stressed cattle

  34. Thiamin • 1. Adequate quantities normally produced by the bacteria • in the rumen • 2. Inadequate thiamin • Thiaminase and thiamin antimetabolites produced • in ruminants fed rapidly fermented diets • Infrequently polioencephalomalacia (PEM), • a disorder of the central nervous system • develops • Retracted head, weakness, collapse, blindness • are symptoms • Respond to administration of thiamin

More Related