The skeletal system skeletal system 临床医学一系 09 级八班一组

1. The skeletal systemskeletal system临床医学一系09级八班一组

2. The skeletal system 八班一组： 组长：陈慧蕾 组员：白玉成 曹燕燕 李琼琼 陈红锦 廖海涛 陈清清 刘欢 陈宁 刘杨

3. Passage one The Skeletal System 骨骼系统

4. Without the skeletal system we would be unable to perform movements, such as walking or grasping. The slightest jar to the head or chest could damage the brain or heart. It would even be impossible to chew food. The framework of bones and cartilage that protects our organs and allows us to move is called the skeletal system.

5. 没有骨骼系统就无法进行运动，如散步或抓。一罐的头部或胸部会损害大脑或心脏病。它甚至不能咀嚼食物。该框架有骨和软骨，保护我们的器官和允许我们将叫做骨骼系统。没有骨骼系统就无法进行运动，如散步或抓。一罐的头部或胸部会损害大脑或心脏病。它甚至不能咀嚼食物。该框架有骨和软骨，保护我们的器官和允许我们将叫做骨骼系统。

6.  Functions. The skeletal system performs several basic functions. • 功能。骨骼系统执行一些基本的功能。

7. Support: The skeletal system provides a framework for the body and, as such, it supports soft tissues and provides a point of attachment for many muscles. • 支持：骨骼系统提供了一个框架的身体和，因此，它支持软组织和提供了许多肌肉附着点。

8. Protection: many internal organs are protected from injury by the skeleton. • 保护：许多内部器官损伤的保护骨架的。

9. Movement: bones serve as levers to which muscles are attached. • 运动：骨头作为杠杆，肌肉附着。

10.  Mineral storage: bones store several minerals that can be distributed to other parts of the body on demand. • 矿产储量：骨头存储一些矿物质，可以分布到身体的其他部位上的需求。

11.  Blood cell production: red marrow in certain bones is capable of producing blood cells, a process called hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis.

12. 血细胞的生产：红骨髓中的某些骨头是能够产生血细胞，这一过程称为造血和造血。血细胞的生产：红骨髓中的某些骨头是能够产生血细胞，这一过程称为造血和造血。

13. Types of bones. • 骨头的类型。

14. 长骨略弯曲强度。 • Long bones are slightly curved for strength.

15. Short bones are somewhat cube-shaped and nearly equal in length and width. • 短骨有些立方体形，几乎相等的长度和宽度。

16. 扁骨一般薄，由2或多或少平行板紧凑骨附有一层海绵骨 • Flat bones are generally thin and composed of two more or less parallel plates of compact bone enclosing a layer of spongy bone.

17. Irregular bones have complex shapes and cannot be grouped into any of the three categories just described. They also vary in the amount of spongy and compact bone present. Such bones include the vertebrae and certain facial bones.

18. 不规则骨有复杂的形状，不能归入任何三类描述。他们也在不同的数额海绵和紧凑骨。这些骨骼包括椎骨和一定的面部骨骼。不规则骨有复杂的形状，不能归入任何三类描述。他们也在不同的数额海绵和紧凑骨。这些骨骼包括椎骨和一定的面部骨骼。

19. There are two additional types of bones that are not included in this classification by shape. • 有2个其他类型的骨骼是不包括在本分类的形状。

20. Bone replacement. • 骨更换

21. Bones shares with skin the feature of replacing itself throughout adult life. • 骨骼与皮肤的特点，取代本身在整个成年生活。

22. Remodeling takes place at different rates in various body regions. • 重塑发生在不同的利率在不同的身体区域。

23. The cells believed to be responsible for the resorption (loss of a substance through a physiological or pathological process) of bone tissue are osteoclasts. • 这些细胞被认为是负责骨吸收（损耗物质通过生理或病理过程）的骨组织破骨细胞。

24. In the process of resorption, it is believed that osteoclasts send out projections that secrete protein-digesting enzymes released from lysosomes and several acids (lactic and citric). 在这个过程中吸收，它认为，破骨细胞发出预测分泌蛋白质分解酶释放溶酶体和多酸（乳酸和柠檬酸）。

25. Normal bone growth in the young and bone replacement in the adult depend on several factors. • 正常骨生长在年轻和骨置换成取决于几个因素 。

26. Aging and the skeletal system. • 老龄化和骨骼系统。

27. The second principal effect of aging on the skeletal system is a decrease in the rate of protein formation that results in a decreased ability to produce the organic portion of bone matrix. • 第二个主要影响衰老对骨骼系统是减少的速度蛋白质的形成，导致能力下降产生的有机部分骨基质。 

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