Hydrodynamics of large scale structure formation: a “new” feature of (dark) matter

1. Hydrodynamics of large scale structure formation:a “new” feature of (dark) matter Dr. Theo M. Nieuwenhuizen Institute for Theoretical PhysicsUniversity of Amsterdam Condensed Matter group meeting 10 Feb 2010

2. Outline Basics of hydrodynamics Turbulence Cosmological fluid dynamics Galactic dark matter vs cluster dark matter Gravitational hydrodynamics I, II, III (In)direct observations Summary

3. Basics of hydrodynamics • Velocity field , vorticity • Navier-Stokes eqn • Bernouilli (mechanical) group • Viscous force Kinematic shear viscosity , kin. bulk visc. • Reynolds number • Re < 1 viscous fluid; Re >> 1 turbulent fluid • Critical value Re = 25 --100

4. New approach toTurbulence Carl Gibson1980 • Turbulence only related to eddies It only cascades from small to large scales • Fossil turbulence: pockets of turbulent fluid in a non-turbulent fluid. Trains and boats and planes • Wikipedia mystery: Solar surface 5,778 K corona 5,000,000 K • Gibson-Schild 200xFossil turbulence originating in deep interiorbrings pockets of hot gas to corona

5. Cosmological fluid mechanicsSir James Hopwood Jeans 1902 • Fluid patch size L, mass • Newton force = Bernouilli force • Jeans length Gibson 1996 • Newton force = viscous force • Schwarz viscous length

6. Jeans cosmology • Condensation (droplets) when L < Horizon size ~ c t • Jeans mechanism not relevant in plasma epoch • After decoupling: Jeans clusters of 40,000 M • Explains old globular star clusters (149 in Galaxy)

7. VISCOUS COSMOLOGY GIBSON ‘96 • Additional structures when viscous length < horizon • 0) • 1) Plasma fragments: proto-galaxy clusters vs proto-voids Transform dynamically in galaxy clusters and cosmic voids. • 2) Jeans mechanism breaks up all the gas in Jeans clumps. • 3) All Jeans clumps condense into milli Brown Dwarfs of earth weight Jeans clusters of mBDs. N, Gibson, Schild, EPL 88, 49001 (2009)

8. Current paradigm: Cold Dark Matter Missing satellite problem Satellites in Galaxy ΛCDM simulationBullock et al Diemand et alarxiv:0902.3492 Nature, 454, 735 (2008)

9. “Change has enemies” 1964 “Progress is a nice word. But change is its motivator and change has enemies.”

10. The two types of dark matter • Total mass of Universe: 4 - 5 % baryons 20 - 25 % dark matter • 70 - 75 % dark energy • Galactic dark matter: Jan Oort 1931Detected by rotation curves, dwarf galaxies • This talk: Milli Brown Dwarfs (mBDs) of earth weight “MACHOs” • Cluster dark matter: Fritz Zwicky 1932Detected from rotation curves, by lensing • Due to neutrinos with m = 1.5 eV (“WIMPs”) • Not MACHOs or WIMPs but MACHOs and WIMPs !!

11. Lensing in galaxy cluster Abell 1689 Theory: Non-interacting, isothermal fermions in gravitation of fermions, galaxies, X-ray gas MeasureLimousin et al, ApJ 2007 for projected mass Tyson and Fischer ApJ 1995 density radius Best case: neutrinos + anti-neutrinos, mass = 1.5 eV Th. M. N., EPL 2009

12. Gravitational hydrodynamics I • At decoupling: Compton scattering (Silk damping) • Photon mean free path = 10-5 pc, horizon = 1.5 105 pc => viscosity • Step 1: In the plasma, i.e., before the decoupling at z =1100 • Viscous length enters horizon at z = 5000. • Instability: formation of proto-voids & proto-galaxy-clusters. • Size of proto-voids*(z+1) = 40 Mpc now. • 13.6 eV recombination energy gives 10-6 CMB T-fluctuations.Fossil turbulence may give 10-4- 10-5.

13. Cosmic web of filaments and voids 0.5 109 stars in Galaxy + 1.5 106 galaxies. T.H. Jarrett, 2004, PASA, 21, 396

14. Local galaxies and voids 170 * 170 Mpc40 Mpc isgood typicalvoid sizeMathis, Springel , Kauffmann, White 2002

15. Gravitational hydrodynamics II • At decoupling: formation of few galaxies; all gas in Jeans clusters of ca 40,000 M • Some Jeans clusters developed into globular star clusters.Other ones were used to form ordinary stars, gas clouds. • Most still exist but became dark. These Jeans clusters act as isothermal “particles” forming the galactic dark matter halo. • This explains flattening rotation curves, Tully-Fisher relation. • Explains galaxy mergers.

16. Isothermal model • Gravitational potential • Poisson eqn • Definition of T: • Isothermal distribution • Its asymptotics: • Local virial speedremains finite • Tully-Fischer relation:“stars from pairs of JCs”

17. Galaxy mergers • Antennae galaxiesHST • Two colliding galaxiescome within each othersdark matter sphere. • Along their trajectories they transform severalcold Jeans clusters intoyoung globular star clusters.

18. NGC-2623: Two galaxies inside each others dark matter? Jeans clusters warmed: new stars in young star clusters

19. Tadpole galaxy (HST)

20. Gravitational hydrodynamics III • After decoupling: viscous fragmentation of Jeans clumps in milli brown dwarfs (mBDs) of terrestrial weight. • Thousands of mBDs observed in microlensing • at unit optical depth (Schild 1996, 1999) • 40,000 of heated mBDs in planetary nebulae counted in Spitzer infrared. Also in other planetaries. • Extreme Scattering Events: Earth-Jovian gas clouds observed in radio. Walker&Wardle 98: May be good fraction of galactic mass • Multiple imaging of pulsars: by mBDs in Jeans clusters

21. Direct observations of mBDs • 1. In microlensing of quasars (ca 2000 in Q0957+561A,B) • 2. In Helix Planetary nebula (ca 40,000) and other planetaries • 3. In radio: in Extreme Scattering Events explains surplus of quadruple images? • 4. Multiple lensing of pulsars; crescent shaped events

22. Planetary nebulaHelix • Star exploded,became white dwarf • 40.000 “cometary knots” • = milli brown dwarfsca 1 earth mass Galactic dark matter = mBDs of earth mass: MACHOs

23. Helix by Spitzer infrared: 40,000 cometary knots = mBDs

24. Kuiper belts around stars:connection to mBDs?

25. Indirect observations of mBDs • 5. Shape of “Lyman-α forest” absorption lines D.H Weinberg et al, arXiv 0301186

26. Indirect observations of mBDs • 5. Shape of Lyman-α forest absorption lines • 6. Stars (e.g. in OGCs) from mBD mergers: no dark age • 7. Excess of binary stars binary objects in Kuiper Belt • 8. New 30 K maps of Galactic Plane, LMC show filaments and voids as in cosmological maps • 9. Solar planets cannot grow from gas or rocks. They must be primordial and re-formed in pre-stellar accretion discs. • 10. Young stars near Sag A* and other central BHs 


27. Manyyoung stars near Sag A* • Do et al0908.0311patches of 8” * 6” • Central nuclear density not cusped • Arising from gas clouds ??? • = mBDs

28. Summary I: use of isothermal models • dynamics in Globular Star Clusters • MACHO DM halo of galaxies explains: flattening of rotation curves
 Tully-Fischer relation
 wake of star formation in galaxy mergers • Explains matter in lens galaxies, few kpc scale 22 by Rusin, Kochanek ,Keeton 2003 • Isothermal fermions model the dark matterin the A1689 galaxy cluster and its (neutrino) mass

29. Summary II • Gravitational hydrodynamics relevant before decoupling. ΛCDM neglects it, so cannot be correct. • Explains baryonic structure formation without CDM.Connects structure formation to turbulence. • Hydrodynamic structure formation is top-down.Scale arguments explain a wealth of observations. (Reionization by condensation of neutrinos on galaxy clusters etc.) • CDM particle has not been found and should not be:ADMX, ANAIS, ArDM, ATIC, BPRS, CAST, CDMS, CLEAN, CRESST, CUORE, CYGNUS, DAMA, DAMIC, DEEP, DRIFT, EDELWEISS, ELEGANTS, EURECA, GENIUS, GERDA, GEDEON, FERMI-GLAST, HDMS, ICECUBE, IGEX, KIMS, LEP, LHC, LIBRA, LUX, NAIAD, ORPHEUS, PAMELA, PICASSO, ROSEBUD, SIGN, SIMPLE, UKDM, VERITAS, XENON, XMASS, ZEPLIN. AMANDA, ANTARES, EGRET. • Neutrino mass search: in 2015 in Katrin, m = 0.2 -- 2 eV.

30. Gravitational hydrodynamics of large-scale structure formationTh. M. N., Carl H. Gibson, Rudy E. SchildEurophysics Letters 88 (2009) 49001 Do non-relativistic neutrinos constitute the dark matter? Th. M. N., Europhysics Letters 86 (2009) 59001Highlight of EPL: EPL 89, 00000 (2010)