Energy Producing Regions

1. Energy Producing Regions Energy Producing Regions

2. Coal was the first fossil fuel that was used in mass quantity. It was primarily used during the Industrial revolution to create steam. Coal, oil, and natural gas make up fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are the remains of plants and animals which transformed over millions of years. Fossil fuels are NON-RENEWABLE.

3. Energy Use Around the World The world’s population is using the earth’s resources at a very quick rate. However, not all of the earth’s resources are renewable. Everything in society is affected by the cost and availability of energy. Countries that have abundant energy resources are usually very wealthy.

4. Non-renewable Energy Sources Fossil fuels Consists of coal, oil, natural gas These energy sources took millions of years to create. 85% of all energy used all over the world comes from fossil fuels. The fossil fuel industry affects every other industry all over the world (automotive/car industry etc.).

5. NuclearEnergy • In this process technicians produce nuclear reactions such as fission. • Fission produces heat. This heat is then used in the production of steam. • Nuclear energy is clean and allows areas that do not have geothermal activity to use steam power. • Produces radioactive waste. Which is hard to dispose of. • Plants could have a meltdown (Chernobyl).

6. Spent fuel pool at the top of a nuclear reactor

7. What would happen if this nuclear plant had a meltdown?

8. Renewable Energy Sources As the name suggests these sources of energy can be replenished (fill up again) on a regular basis. It is important to understand that these energy sources have an impact on the environment as well. Ex: flooding for an electric dam

9. Wind Power • Wind turbines convert (change) wind energy into electricity. • The turbines take up very little space and do not make much noise. • However, people do complain that they are an eyesore. • Only very windy areas can benefit from this source of energy, ex: Denmark.

10. The watt is a derived unit of power in the International System of Units (SI), named after the Scottish engineer James Watt (1736–1819). The unit, defined as one joule per second, measures the rate of energy conversion or transfer. The megawatt is equal to one million (106) watts.

11. GeothermalEnergy • Geothermal energy comes from heat stored deep beneath the Earth’s surface. • Geysers are a source of Geothermal energy. • Water produced from the steam can be re-injected into the earth to produce more steam. • Geothermal sites are not permanent. The energy at a particular site will eventually run out.

12. Geothermal energy is created using heat from the Earth's core. 1. The Earth's hot core creates magma and heats the Earth's crust which is made up of rocks and water.2. A well drilled two miles deep into the Earth's surface captures the rising hot water and steam.3. The hot steam rises to the surface and pushes a turbine, which rotates a generator.3. Generator produces electricity and sends it to power lines, which bring electricity to homes and businesses.

13. Geothermal Energy in Canada

14. Solar Power • Heat energy produced by the sun is absorbed and turned into electricity. • Sun tracking mirrors or solar cells absorb the sun's light. • A transformer will convert the light/heat into electricity. • Solar energy requires large amounts of space . • People could use this technology to provide electricity to a house or a traffic sign. Both are small scale examples.

15. Hydro Power • This iselectricityproduced by water. • Water pressurecreated by dam or incline willturn a turbinewhichwillallow a generatorto produceelectricity. • Producesno greenhousegases. • Building dams cause major environmental damages.

16. Damage to transmission cables

17. Ethanol Fuel • Ethanolis a clean burning fuel thatisused as an alternative to gasoline. • Ethanolis an alcohol. • Ethanolcanbeextractedfrommany sources. The mostcommon are sugar cane and corn.

18. E85 Filling Stations in the United States E85, sometimes called flex fuel, is an alternative fuel that can be used in many of today's non-hybrid cars. One of the main benefits of E85 is that it is much more environmentally-friendly than gasoline. Another prominent benefit is that E85 comes from renewable energy sources; E85 can be produced from corn, grains, sugarcane and even potatoes. E85 Filling Station Facts If you have a flex-fuel capable vehicle, you may have discovered that finding a filling station that sells E85 can be difficult. According to the 7/17/2008 update on the U.S. Department of Energy Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy website, there are currently 1,519 filling stations in the United States that dispense E85 fuel.

19. Tidal Energy • Tidal energyharnesses the power of waves. • Wavesturnpropellers(calledtidemills) that are underwater, whichturn a turbine. • The turbine thenproduceselectricity. • Primarilyused in Italy and Australia, there are markets in other countries, Canada is one of them.

20. Biomass • Biomassisliving or recentlydeadbiologicalmaterial. • Biomasscouldbe; plant material, animal byproducts*(Something produced in the making of something else; A secondary result; a side effect) and waste, wood, etc. • Biomassisburned for energy. • Althoughburningdoescontribute to high pollution levels, itis all naturalsoitislessdangerousthanfossil fuels.

21. Residue: A small amount of something that remains after the main part has gone or been taken or used

22. Hydrogen Fuel Cells • Fuel cells create an electrical reaction using different chemicals. • These chemicals produce an electrical reaction, which produces usable energy. • Fuel cells can operate continuously or until the reaction is broken. • Hydrogen fuel cells could run on water and oxygen. • Still in the experimental stages.

23. Where is Energy Produced? • Many countries have the ability to produce energy, it is the type and quantity that varies. • Countries that produce much energy are said to have a surplus. • Countries that use more then they produce have a deficit (shortage – scarcity). • Deficit countries depend on surplus (to have extra) countries in order to meet their needs

24. The price of energy affects everything in society. • Countries that rely on energy import and export understand this. • In recent years energy prices have been increasing. • The organization responsible for rising oil prices is OPEC, created in 1960 (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)

25. Energy Demands Around the World • Western Europe, Asia, and North America use most of the world’s energy. • Specifically, the USA uses 25% of all energy produced. • Countries that use more energy than they produce have a low autonomy. • Autonomy is a comparison of energy produced to energy used.

26. Top 10 Oil Reserve Countries

27. OPEC Member

28. What is oil? Oil is a natural resource formed from the remains of prehistoric plants and animals deposited in sedimentary rocks millions of years ago. Subjected to intense pressure and heat over millions of years, these deposits went through complex chemical changes and eventually formed the substance we call crude oil.

29. What do we use oil for? The development of the internal combustion engine in the early part of the 20th century provided a worldwide demand for oil. Crude oil is refined and, in addition to fuel for cars, airplanes and other machines, its elements are used in the production of a wide range of products including plastics, vitamins and additives, cleaning products and ink

30. Where is oil found? The highest producing countries in the world are (millions of barrels per day):

31. Energy Producing Region: Alberta

32. Alberta became a province of Canada in 1905. • It’s capital is Edmonton and it’s largest city is Calgary. • In recent years Alberta has become Canada’s wealthiest province. • This is due to it’s large oil sand, oil, and natural gas deposits. • Alberta’s reserves are the largest in the world.

33. Alberta has 65% of Canada’s oil and 80% of our natural gas. • Unfortunately, these reserves are depleting (runningout). • However, Alberta has enough Bituminous Sand to meet world oil needs for the next century(100 years). • Bituminous Sand is sand that has been mixed with water and bitumen(heavy oil).

34. Where are the oil sands located? • There are three major oil sand deposits in Alberta. • Only major companies have been given concessions (a thing that is granted) by the government to mine the oil sands. • Concessions are grants of land given to companies for a certain period of time.

35. Oil Sands Beneath the Forest • Most of the oil sands are located beneath forested areas. • Mines require large sections of forest to be cleared away. • This causes the destruction of homes for plants, animals, and aboriginal communities. • It destroys fragile ecosystems and natural water filters.

36. Pipelines • Pipelines transport oil and natural gas. • Pipelines stretch all over Canada and into the U.S. • However, to pass a pipeline large tracts of forests and farmland must be cleared. • Animal food sources are lost. • Trenches must be dug and ecosystems and native areas are destroyed.

37. Alberta: Energy Autonomy • Alberta is Canada’s leading fossil fuels producer. It only uses about 25% of all it produces. (SURPLUS!)  • Alberta exports over 75% of its oil and gas. • The biggest consumer of Alberta’s oil is the US. • In recent years China has been buying increasingly larger amounts.

38. Advantages and Disadvantages of Selling Oil Sands Advantages • Alberta government has paid off the province’s debt. • Has reduced income tax and abolished their sales tax. Disadvantages • Growing cities makes housing difficult to find • Destruction of native land and forests • Contribution to global warming

39. Depletion of Fossil Fuels • Every year the demand for fossil fuels increases. • Many of the conventional (traditional) reserves are becoming depleted (running out). • It is this depletion that has put Alberta in a very wealthy position. • This also means that areas must find new energy sources.

40. Oil Sands: Consequences 1) Global Warming • When Fossil fuels are burnt they emit greenhouse gasses. • These gasses surround the planet and they absorb the sun’s energy. This raises the earth’s temperature. • It is this layer of gas that is increasing the rate of global warming.

41. 2) Concerned populations • People living close to refineries, pipelines, and mines have the threat of environment damage. • Furthermore, there are major health concerns for these people. • Citizens are demanding increased safety measures from these companies.

42. 3) Aboriginal peoples • Native lands that were traditional hunting, trapping, and burial grounds are being destroyed. • These communities are putting pressure on governments to retrieve their lands. • They also would like a share of the profits made and employment in developing these resources.

43. 4) Rivers loosing water Oil sands require large amounts of water to be developed. Water is used to clean equipment and dilute chemicals from the oil extraction process. This waste water is held in holding ponds. Many residents fear that this very polluted water will end up in their wells.

44. 5) Air Pollution The transformation of bitumen into crude oil emits toxic gases. These gases turn water and soil acidic and they increase the risk of drought and forest fires. The extraction of bitumen releases double the amount of greenhouse gases than conventional oil wells. In recent years Canada has committed to reducing its gas emissions

45. 6) Destruction of forests and wetlands Large areas of forests and wetlands have been destroyed. Plants and animals have lost their habitats. Today companies have to reforest the areas they destroy. However, wetlands cannot be restored after they have been destroyed.

46. 7) Growing cities As the popularity of oil sand mining grows more people are moving to Alberta. This means that cities and towns will grow. More jobs will be created to meet the service needs of a growing population. With more jobs created more labour is needed.

47. 8) Depletion and overuse With increased energy demands around the world there is always the threat of over mining. Alberta may not be able to mine as much oil as needed. This may be due to government and international laws, recession, public protest, etc. Alberta must monitor its resources carefully.

48. 9) Need for Renewable Energy As more oil is mined governments and energy companies must find new sources of energy. International obligations (Kyoto) force governments to reduce their greenhouse gases. Therefore, as more oil is mined, there is an increase in renewable energy research.