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RNA and Protein Synthesis

RNA and Protein Synthesis. By: Anne Russell, Madelyn Stroder , Hannah Black, And Bailey Mills. DNA. The double helix in DNA allows in to be copied. DNA controls the production of proteins in the cell. The first step in converting DNA to RNA is coping the nucleotide sequence to RNA.

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RNA and Protein Synthesis

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  1. RNA and Protein Synthesis By: Anne Russell, Madelyn Stroder, Hannah Black, And Bailey Mills

  2. DNA • The double helix in DNA allows in to be copied. • DNA controls the production of proteins in the cell. • The first step in converting DNA to RNA is coping the nucleotide sequence to RNA.

  3. DNA vs. RNA DNA • The sugar is deoxyribose • Double helix or double stranded • Has thymine • Single gene produces hundreds or thousands of RNA molecules. RNA • Coded information for making proteins • Long chain of nucleotides • The sugar is ribose • Single stranded • Has uracil • Disposable of DNA • segment • Working copy on single gene • One job: protein synthesis

  4. The 3 different kinds of RNA • Messenger RNA: controls assembly of amino acids into proteins. • Ribosomal RNA: carries instruction copies from DNA to cell. • Transfer RNA: during protein construction, or transfers amino acids to the specific Ribosome that is specified by the RNA’s information.

  5. Transcription • The production of RNA molecules by copying nucleotide sequence to a complementary RNA sequence. • RNA polymerase: and enzyme used in transcription, similar to DNA polymerase. • During transcription, RNA polymerase binds DNA and separates DNA strands. • Then RNA polymerase strands use one strand of DNA as a template which nucleotides are assembled into RNA. • Promoters- regions of DNA with specific base sequences which the enzyme uses in transcription. • Promoters- Regions of DNA with Specific base sequences which the enzyme uses in transcription. Promoters cause enzymes to start and stop making RNA.

  6. Genetic editing • Introns- sequences: nucleotides not involved in coding for the proteins in eukaryotic genes. • Exons-sequences: used for coding proteins. • Introns are cut out of RNA while in the nucleus. • Remaining exons are squished together to form the final mRNA. • Introns and exons being cut are ways to create different tissues and help in evolution.

  7. Genetic Code • Proteins are made by joining amino acids in polypeptide chains. • Each chain has and combination of amino acids. • Protein properties are determined by the order of amino acids. • Using the “Genetic code” and A, U, C, G form 20 acids. • Each section, “word” is three letters long: codon UCGCACGGU UCG-CAC-GGU • Serine-Histidine-Glycine • 4 bases • 64 possible 3-base condon. • Some condons represent the same condon.

  8. Translation • Translation: decoding mRNA into polypeptide chain. • mRNA is released into the cytoplasm. • As mRNA travels through the ribosome, tRNA brings amino acids. • Each tRNA, which can only carry 1 a,a, has 3 bases, called and anticodon. • After aminoacids are joined, the tRNA is released. • Amino acids continue to combine until a stop condon in the mRNA is reached. • They polypeptide chain is then released with mRNA completing translation.

  9. Genes and Proteins • RNA is a disposable copy of DNA • Proteins are microscopic tools used to build and operate a living cell. • Many proteins are enzymes, which catalyze and regulate chemical reactions.

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