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Acids and Bases

Acids and Bases. AS Unit F321, Module 1.1.3. What do you know already?. What are the particles in acids and alkali? What’s the difference between an acid , an alkali and a base ? What are the names and formulae of common acids, alkalis and bases?

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Acids and Bases

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  1. Acids and Bases AS Unit F321, Module 1.1.3

  2. What do you know already? • What are the particles in acids and alkali? • What’s the difference between an acid, an alkali and a base? • What are the names and formulae of common acids, alkalis and bases? • What are the reactions of acids with carbonates, bases and alkalis? • What happens to form an ammonium ion? • How would you work out the formula of a hydrated salt?

  3. Common Acids and Alkalis • Hydrochloric acid, HCl • Sulfuric acid, H2SO4 • Nitric acid, HNO3 • Sodium hydroxide, NaOH • Potassium hydroxide, KOH • Aqueous ammonia, NH4OH (ammonium hydroxide)

  4. Common bases • Metal oxides eg. MgO, CaO • Metal hydroxides eg. Mg(OH)2 • Ammonia, NH3 • Carbonates eg. K2CO3, MgCO3, CuCO3 • Hydrogen carbonates eg. NaHCO3

  5. Definitions • An Acid releases H+ ions in aqueous solution • An alkali is a soluble base that releases OH- ions in aqueous solution • A base readily accepts H+ ions from an acid BRØNSTED-LOWRY THEORY ACIDproton donor HCl ——> H+(aq) + Cl¯(aq) BASEproton acceptor NH3 (aq) + H+(aq) ——> NH4+(aq)

  6. LEWIS THEORY ACIDlone pair acceptor BF3 H+ AlCl3 BASElone pair donor NH3 H2O LONE PAIR DONOR LONE PAIR ACCEPTOR LONE PAIR DONOR LONE PAIR ACCEPTOR

  7. Strong Acids and Bases STRONG ACIDScompletely dissociate (split up) into ions in aqueous solution e.g. HCl ——> H+(aq) + Cl¯(aq) MONOPROTIC 1 replaceable H HNO3 ——> H+(aq) + NO3¯(aq) H2SO4 ——> 2H+(aq) + SO42-(aq) DIPROTIC 2 replaceable H’s STRONG BASES completely dissociate into ions in aqueous solution e.g. NaOH ——> Na+(aq) + OH¯(aq)

  8. Weak Acids Weak acids partially dissociate into ions in aqueous solution e.g. ethanoic acid CH3COOH(aq) CH3COO¯(aq) + H+(aq)

  9. Reactions of Acids • acid + metal salt + hydrogen • acid + metal oxide  salt + water • acid + metal hydroxide  salt + water • acid + carbonate  salt + water + carbon dioxide • acid + hydrogen carbonate  salt + water + carbon dioxide • acid + ammonia  ammonium salt

  10. Making Salts • Hydrochloric acid  chlorides • Nitric acid  nitrates • Sulfuric acid  sulfates • Ethanoic acid  ethanoates

  11. What is the difference between hydrogen chloride and hydrochloric acid?

  12. What else do I need to be able to do? • Ionic equations • Acid-Base titrations • Explain the terms anhydrous, hydrated and water of crystallisation • Calculate the formula of a hydrated salt from given % composition, mass composition or experimental data

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