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THE STUDENT REVOLT OF THE 1960s

THE STUDENT REVOLT OF THE 1960s. The “Great Coalition” of 1966-69 fostered disillusionment with the political system on both the left and right. Among students the call for “Extra-Parliamentary Opposition” spread quickly. The outgrowths of this movement:

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THE STUDENT REVOLT OF THE 1960s

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  1. THE STUDENT REVOLT OF THE 1960s • The “Great Coalition” of 1966-69 fostered disillusionment with the political system on both the left and right. Among students the call for “Extra-Parliamentary Opposition” spread quickly. The outgrowths of this movement: • A violent terrorist movement among a small minority, led by the “Red Army Faction” • Expansion of police powers and blacklisting of all members of radical organizations • The emergence of the modern women’s liberation movement, which coalesced around the issue of abortion • The eventual rise of the Green Party as an enduring champion of the causes espoused by student radicals

  2. “No atomic weapons,No mass murder.Give humanity a chance”(DGB poster, May Day 1962).This issue provoked rupture in 1961 between the SPD and the “League of Socialist Students,” or SDS

  3. Overfilled lecture halls, ca. 1965

  4. Student radicals were inspired by the Critical Theory developed by Theodor Adorno and Herbert Marcuse of the “Frankfurt School”(who both fled to America in 1933):Marcuse lectures below to Frankfurt students in 1972 on “The Example of Angela Davis”

  5. “We need enlightenment!” about the Nazi past of high officials (student protest, 1967/68)

  6. “Your Man, the Unknown Creature” (educational film, 1970) Censorship standards relaxed suddenly around 1967….

  7. SCHOOL INSPECTOR (1969): “Well done! Very lively teaching! But please, Mr. Colleague, let us return from discussing the rivers of South America to talk about the cities of our own country!”

  8. A widely influential experiment by student radicals: “Kommune 1,” Stephanstrasse, West Berlin, 1967

  9. Residents of Kommune 1 (1967)

  10. Rainer Langhans and Uschi Obermaier seceded from Kommune Nr. 1 in 1967

  11. The commune abandoned, November 1969

  12. West Berlin students display their dedication to Marxism-Leninism & Free Love(September 1968)

  13. Protests against the Shah of Iran: Demonstrator removed from entrance to West Berlin’s city hall, June 2, 1967

  14. The student Benno Ohnesorg, mortally wounded by Detective Karl-Heinz Kurras that day….

  15. Funeral procession for Benno Ohnesorg, June 8, 1967

  16. The SDS was founded by the SPD in 1946 but broke away in 1961; in 1968 it had 2,500 members, 600 of them in Berlin:Rudi Dutschke debates Ralf Dahrendorf, Freiburg, January 1968

  17. Rudi Dutschke (1940-79) addresses the “Vietnam Congress”at the Technical University of West Berlin, February 17, 1968

  18. “Don’t trust anyone over 130”(poster by the young Christian Democrats)

  19. Détente prompted Alex Springer and the Bild-Zeitung to focus on student radicals

  20. Caricatures of the SDS in the Springer press, 1967/68

  21. Cartoon in Springer’s Berlin Morning Post, 1968

  22. “Berlin stands for peace and freedom!”150,000 West Berliners rally against the SDS, February 1968

  23. “Stop Dutschke now!Otherwise there will be civil war!”Headline from the Deutsche Nationalzeitung, 22 March 1968, which inspired the young neo-Nazi Josef Bachmann to travel to Berlin

  24. Kudamm 140, in front of SDS headquarters, April 1968

  25. Dutschke loaded onto an ambulance, 11 April 1968

  26. Rioting in West Berlin on the night of 11/12 April 1968

  27. Destroyed Springer vans, 12 April 1968

  28. Protest against the State of Emergency Laws, May 1968

  29. Maoists in Bochum, 1969:“Education makes you strong.”“Make love, not war.”

  30. “Transform your hatred into energy!”(Che Guevara poster, 1970)

  31. Ulrike Meinhof (1934-76):Her father died when she was 5; her mother, when she was 15.A pious Lutheran anti-war activist, she joined the SDS in 1958 and became editor of konkretin Hamburg.

  32. Revolutionaries, Criminals, or Lunatics? Andreas Baader (1943-77): His soldier father died in 1945, and he dropped out of high school… Gudrun Ensslin (1940-77): Daughter of a Lutheran pastor, student at the Free University… In October 1968 they were sentenced to three years in prison for arson; Meinhof busted them out of jail in May 1970.

  33. Ulrike Meinhof, “The Idea of the Urban Guerilla: Draw a Sharp Line Between Us and the Enemy!”(May 1971)

  34. Willy Brandt agreed with state governments to issue the “Radicals Decree” in January 1972 to bar members of radical organizations from public sector employment.“Committee for the Defense of Democratic Rights:The Test of Political Loyalty”(1975)

  35. The Baader-Meinhof Trial, June 1975

  36. “Killers Wage War against the State,”Der Spiegel,12 September 1977

  37. “TERROR”(Mogadishu Airport)Der Spiegel, 17 October 1977

  38. Greens in the Bundestag (1983): Petra Kelly, Marie-Luise Beck-Oberndorf, Joschka Fischer, & Otto Schily

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