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General Biology II Lab

This lab guide explores the diverse kingdoms of life, focusing on Bacteria, Protists, and Fungi. Key topics include the evolving nature of taxonomy, the significance of DNA technology in revealing relationships, and an understanding of clades—groups sharing a common ancestor. You'll learn binomial nomenclature, essential microscope techniques, and the classification of various microorganisms. From unicellular prokaryotes to complex eukaryotic organisms, engage with hands-on activities and visual aids to deepen your understanding of these vital life forms.

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General Biology II Lab

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  1. General Biology II Lab Bacteria, Protists, Fungi

  2. Taxonomy • Taxonomy is changing • DNA technology is showing relationships previously not known • You will hear the term “clade” – what does that mean? • Clade – any taxon that consists of all the evolutionary descendants of a common ancestor • Identified by picking any point on a phylogenetic tree and tracing all the descendant lineages

  3. Taxonomy • Binomial Nomenclature, Scientific Name • Genus species or Genusspecies • Genus is capitalized, species is lowercase • Italicized or underlined • Homo sapiens Homosapiens • Tursiops truncatus Tursiopstruncatus • Callinectes sapidus Callinectessapidus

  4. The Domains • Domain Bacteria – unicellular prokaryotes • Bacteria • Cyanobacteria • Domain Archaea – unicellular prokaryotes • Includes “extremophiles” • Domain Eukarya – eukaryotes • Kingdom Protista • Kingdom Fungi • Kingdom Plantae • Kingdom Animalia

  5. Yes, you will HAVE to use the Microscope! • Tips: • Start on Scanning objective, look for color • Center and focus • Move to the 10x objective • Center and focus • Move to the 40x objective • Center and focus • If necessary, move to oil immersion • Place drop of oil on slide and move oil lens into the oil • DO NOT get oil on any of the other lenses • Be sure to WIPE oil off of lens when done!!!!! (with lens paper!)

  6. Domain BacteriaBacteria • Shapes • Spirillum • Coccus • Bacillus

  7. Domain BacteriaCyanobacteria • Gleocapsa • Oscillatoria • Anabaena

  8. Domain EukaryaKingdom Protista - changing Common name • Protozoa – heterotrophic, “animal-like” • Algae – autotrophic Groups: • Excavata – Giardia, Trichomonas, Euglena, Trypanosoma • Alveolates – dinoflagellates, apicomplexans (plasmodium), ciliates (paramecium) • Stramenophiles – oomycetes, diatoms, brown algae • Rhodophytes – red algae • Chlorophytes – green algae • Rhizaria – foraminiferans, radiolarians • Amoebozoans – plasmodial slime molds, Amoeba

  9. Domain EukaryaKingdom ProtistaProtozoa • Amoeba proteus – move by pseudopodia

  10. Domain EukaryaKingdom ProtistaProtozoa • Radiolarians

  11. Domain EukaryaKingdom ProtistaProtozoans • Globigerina

  12. Domain EukaryaKingdom ProtistaProtozoans • Ciliates • Paramecium • Stentor • Vorticella

  13. Domain EukaryaKingdom ProtistaProtozoans • Trypanosoma • Trichomonas Red blood cells

  14. Domain EukaryaKingdom ProtistaProtozoans • Plasmodium – no means of locomotion • Look for it inside red blood cell

  15. DOMAIN EUKARYAKINGDOM PROTISTAALGAE • Microscopic algae • Phytoplankton • Macroscopic algae • “seaweed”

  16. Domain EukaryaKingdom ProtistaAlgae • Green Algae • Microscopic • Spirogyra • Look for green spirals • Volvox • Macroscopic

  17. Domain EukaryaKingdom ProtistaAlgae • Euglena – photosynthetic flagellate • Look for flagella and chloroplasts, can be mistaken for paramecium

  18. Domain EukaryaKingdom ProtistaAlgae • Diatoms Electron Microscope picture

  19. Domain EukaryaKingdom ProtistaAlgae • Dinoflagellates • Ceratium

  20. Domain EukaryaKingdom ProtistaAlgae • Brown Algae • Macroscopic examples • Sargassum • Fucus

  21. Domain EukaryaKingdom ProtistaAlgae • Red Algae • Macroscopic examples

  22. Domain EukaryaKingdom ProtistaSlime molds • Slime Molds • Plasmodial slime molds • Physarum

  23. Domain EukaryaKingdom Fungi

  24. Domain EukaryaKingdom Fungi • Phylum Zygomycota – black bread molds • Rhizopus – under the microscope

  25. Domain EukaryaKingdom Fungi • Phylum Ascomycota

  26. Domain EukaryaKingdom Fungi • Phylum Ascomycota – under the microscope • Saccharomyces - yeast • Penicillium • Aspergillus • Peziza Cross section of cup seen on previous slide

  27. Domain EukaryaKingdom Fungi • Phylum Basidiomycota • What we think of when we say “mushrooms”

  28. Domain EukaryaKingdom Fungi • Phylum Basidiomycota – under the microscope • Coprina

  29. Make Notecards!!!!! • On one side write: • Domain • Kingdom • Group • Genus • Characteristics • Know what is prokaryotic and what is eukaryotic! • On the other side: • Picture of the organism • On Handout • Domain is capitalized • Group is in bold print • Genus is underlined (# is the slide #)

  30. Images from: • microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Spirillum • www.life.umd.edu/CBMG/faculty/asmith/smith2.html • commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bacillus_subt... • www.vcbio.science.ru.nl/.../labels/print/PL0013/ • botit.botany.wisc.edu/.../Oscillatoria_MC.html • fnie-educationalmedia.pbwiki.com/Cyanobacteria • faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/.../protists.htm • bio1903.nicerweb.com/.../lab/diversity/protista/ • https:/.../qry_media_id.php?media_id=2340 • www.mccc.edu/%7Esmithro/Prokaryotes%20and%20P... • www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/.../wdstentor2.html • http://www.biology-resources.com/drawing-paramecium-vorticella.html • io.uwinnipeg.ca/.../16cm05/1116/16protis.htm • Noaa.gov • www.bioweb.uncc.edu/.../labpics/lab1pics.htm • workforce.cup.edu/buckelew/Plasmodium%20vivax... • http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/aM._conica_tjv.jpg • http://www.gltech.org/library/htmlaps/scannell/images/conica.jpg • www.plantsci.cam.ac.uk/.../page18/page18.html

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