THE TRANSATLANTIC ECONOMY AND TRADE WARS

1. THE TRANSATLANTIC ECONOMY AND TRADE WARS

2. TRANSATLANTIC ECONOMY AND TRADE WARS Introduction • Austria vs. Prussia • GB vs. FR • Wars of the 18th C result in a new balance of power

3. Periods of European Empire • 1) Discovery/conquest – 15th & 16th C • 2) Mercantile empires – 17th & 18th C • 3) Direct administration – 19th & 20th C • 4) Decolonization – Late 20th C

4. Mercantile Empires • Treaty of Utrecht 1713 • Ended War of SP. Succession • Set boundaries of empire • SP - South America (minus Brazil), FL, Mexico, CA, and the Southwest, some of Caribbean • GB – N. Atlantic, some of Canada, Jamaica, Barbados, some of India • FR – St. Lawrence Valley, OH/MS River Valley, Hispaniola • Dutch – Surinam, Ceylon, Bengal, Java

5. Mercantile Empires • Mercantilist Goals • Favorable balance of trade • Increase exports/decrease imports • Tariffs on imported products • Encourage domestic industries • Bullionism • Acquisition of colonies for benefit of mother country • Zero sum game • British Navigation Acts

6. Mercantile Empires • French-English Rivalry • Centuries-old rivalry • Manifested itself from the West Indies to India

7. Spanish Colonial System • Colonial Government • Viceroyalties • Audiencias (judicial councils) • Corrigedores (local officers) • Municipal councils • Bourbon Monarchy replaces Habsburgs after the War of SP Succession

8. Spanish Colonial System • Intendants employed Social Classes • Peninsulares • Creoles • Mestizos • Mulattos

9. African Slavery, Plantations, the Atlantic Economy • By the 16th C slavery became part of the political, economic, and social order of the Americas. • The slave trade ushered in an unprecedented era of contact among Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

10. Slavery, Plantations, the Economy • African Presence • Labor shortage • Natives died from disease • SP/Port turn to West Africa for slaves • Sugar plantations needed labor • Huge increase in Africans brought in the 18th C to New World • Slaves outnumber Europeans in some areas

11. Triangle trade (Europe – Africa – the Americas) • Middle Passage (Africa to the Americas) • European racial attitudes • Christians and Muslims shared various views of slavery • Triangular Trade Routes • The Middle Passage

12. Slavery • Experience – • Language and culture – • Revolts – • Daily life

13. Mid-Eighteenth Century Wars • Wars of the 18th C -Part of a “second hundred years war” 1688-1815 • War of SP Succession (1701-13) • Treaty of Utrecht • War of Jenkins Ear (1738) • Grew out of T of U • War of Austrian Succession (1740-48) • Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle • Seven Years War (1756-63) • Grew out of “Diplomatic Revolution”/Convention of Westminster • Ended with the Treaty of Paris

14. Eighteenth Century Wars • War of SP Succession • Prospect of the Bourbons controlling both FR and SP became a threat to GB in both Europe and North America

15. Treaty of Utrecht (1713) • France lost Newfoundland, Nova Scotia and the • Hudson Bay territory to Great Britain • Spain lost the asiento to Britain: the West • African slave trade with the New World • Spain agreed to allow one British ship of • merchandise per year through Panama. • This was Britain’s attempt to crack open the • Spanish colonial market to British goods

16. War of Jenkins Ear Started over issue of Spain’s allegation of British abuse regarding the Treaty of Utrecht provision that allowed Britain to send one ship of merchandise to Central America per year.

17. Eighteenth Century Wars • Spanish officials boarded a British ship suspected of smuggling goods into Latin America and cut off ear of Captain Jenkins, a British officer. • Jenkins kept his ear in a jar of brandy and presented it to Parliament 7 years later • In response, King George II went to war with Spain. • Conflict expanded into the War of Austrian Succession in 1740.

18. Eighteenth Century Wars • War of Austrian Succession (1740-46) • Frederick II annexed Silesia • Violated terms of Pragmatic Sanction

19. Eighteenth Century Wars • Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle • Preserved status quo in colonial empires • Prussia defeats Austria but Austria loses Silesia • Prussia now considered a “great power”

20. Eighteenth Century Wars • Seven Years War (1756-63) • Worst war since 30 Years War • Another “world war”, fought in India, Europe, and North America. • Cause: Maria Theresa tried to retake Silesia • Austria, Russia, and FR wanted to defeat Pr. • “Diplomatic Revolution” (1756) – FR & Aust become allies, putting aside a century of dispute.

21. Eighteenth Century Wars • Frederick II (r. 1740-1788) allied w/ GB in the Convention of Westminster. • GB considered Prussia a stronger check on FR power.

22. Eighteenth Century Wars • Treaty of Paris (1763) – Ended 7 Years War Most important peace treaty of the 18th century and most important since the Treaty of Westphalia (1648) • Prussia permanently retained Silesia • France lost all its colonies in North America to Great Britain • Britain gained more territory in India

23. Eighteenth Century Wars • Discussion Questions • How does mercantilism play a role in the wars of the 18th century? • How does the concept of balance of power play a role in diplomacy and war in Europe in the 18th C? • Think in terms of GB, FR, Austria, PR