CSE Authority & Governance: The Governing System of China

1. CSE Authority & Governance: The Governing System of China

2. Overview of Governing System • The Chinese Communist Party • The Organizational Structure of State Institutions • The Central State Institutions • The Local Governance Structure • The Matrix Muddle and the techniques to run the system • The Configurations of Political Power • The Top Leadership • The Xitong (systems) • The Party-State: the Party Control of Chinese Government

3. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) • The National Party Congress（中国共产党全国代表大会） • 1,500 delegates meet once every 5 years • Solidifies the central political tasks for the party • Provides the occasion for appointments to top party posts and to the Central Committee • The Central Committee（中国共产党中央委员会） • Several hundred members convene once or twice a year • All members hold other substantive positions and receive privileges • Central Committee meetings (plenum) discuss and announce policies • The Politburo （中国共产党中央委员会政治局） • The command headquarters of the party • Typically 14-25 members who form the top power elite • The Standing Committee of Politburo（政治局常务委员会） • 4-9 members meet weekly

4. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) • The Secretariat （中央书记处） • Staff support for the Politburo and the Central Committee • The Military Affairs Commission （中共中央军事委员会） • In charge of People’s Liberation Army • Central Committee Departments • General Office (中共中央办公厅) • Coordination of administrative details for Central party bureaucracy • Organization （中央组织部） • Personnel appointments • Propaganda（中央宣传部） • Media, education, political study, and public health • United Front（中央统战部） • Relations with noncommunist parties • International liaison（中央对外联络部） • Foreign affairs and relations with other communist parties

5. The Organizational Structure of CCP Center General Secretary: Hu Jintao Central Committee Standing Committee of Politburo Members: Hu Jintao, Wu Bangguo, Wen Jiabao, Jia Qinglin, Zeng Qinghong, Huang Ju, Wu Guanzheng, Li Changchun, Luo Gan Central Secretariat Politburo Secretaries: Zeng Qinghong Liu Yunshan Zhou Yongkang He Guoqiang Wang Gang Xu Caihou He Yong CCP National Congress Members:Wang Lequan, Wang Zhaoguo, Hui Liangyu, Liu Qi, Liu Yunshan, Li Changchu, Wu Yi, Wu Bangguo, Wu Guangzheng, Zhang Lichang, Zhang Dejiang, Chen Liangyu, Luo Gan, Zhou Yongkang, Hu Jintao,, Yu Zhensheng, He Guoqiang, Jia Qinglin, Guo Boxiong, Huang Ju, Cao Gangchuan, Zeng Qinghong, Zeng Peiyan, Wen Jiabao, Central Military Committee Chairman: Hu Jintao Vice-Chairmen: Guo Boxiong, Cao Gangchuan, Xu Caihou Central Discipline Inspection Committee Secretary: Wu Guanzheng

6. The Model of CCP Organizational Pyramid Standing Committee Politburo Central Committee National Party Congress Provincial Party Committees Prefecture Party Committee County Party Committee Party Cells in All Social Organizations Individual Party Members Democratic: Elections, Discussions Centralism: Discipline and Command

7. The Apex of Power: The Politburo Standing Committee(16th Party Congress) Wu Guanzheng Wu Bangguo Huang Ju Li Changchun Luo Gan Hu Jintao Zeng Qinghong Wen Jiabao Jia Qinglin Non-Communist Parties Head of China State Council CCP Organization Party Discipline Judiciary and Security NPC Ideology Economy & Finance

8. 17th Party Congress • Hu Jintao - President of the People's Republic of China, General Secretary of the CPC, Chairman of the Central Military Commission. • Wu Bangguo - Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress • Wen Jiabao - Premier of the State Council of the People's Republic of China • Jia Qinglin - Chairman of the People's Political Consultative Conference • Li Changchun - "Propaganda Chief" • Xi Jinping - Top-ranked member of CPC Secretariat • Li Keqiang - no official posts • He Guoqiang - Head of Central Commission for Discipline Inspection • Zhou Yongkang - Head of Political and Legislative Affairs Committee

9. The State Institutions • National People’s Congress (NPC) (全国人民代表大会) • The legislature serves 4-year term and convenes once a year • The Standing Committee of NPC meets more frequently • The strengthening institutional capacity and roles of NPC • The State Council (国务院) • The Cabinet in China’s governing system • Consists of subordinate commissions and ministries • The State Council membership consists of the Premier, Vice Premier, State Councilors (equivalent in rank to vice premier), and all heads of commissions and ministries • Commissions and ministries head their own nationwide vertical bureaucratic hierarchies • The Presidency • The Judiciary System

10. The Organizational Structure of Political System National People’s Congress (NPC) 全国人民代表大会 Standing Committee of NPC 全国人民代表大会常务委员会 President 国家主席 State Council 国务院 Central Military Commission 中央军事委员会 Supreme People’s Court 最高人民法院 Supreme People’s Procuratorate 最高人民检察院

11. The Legislature – National People’s Congress (NPC) NPC NPC Standing Committee Meeting of Chairmen of Standing Committee Staff Office Deputy Credential Examination Committee Special Committees • General Affairs • Legislative Work • Committee • Budgetary Committee • Hong Kong SAR Basic • Law Committee • Macao SAR Basic Law • Committee • Ethics • Legislative • Civil Affairs & Judiciary • Finance & Economy • Education, Science, • Culture, & Health • Foreign Affairs • Overseas Chinese • Environment & Resource • Protection • Agriculture & Countryside

12. The Organizational Structure of the State Council Premier: Wen Jiabao Executive Vice Premier: Huang Ju Vice Premiers: Wu Yi, Zeng Peiyan, Hui Liangyu State Countilors: Zhou Yongkang, Cao Gangchuan, Tang Jiaxuan, Hua Jianmin, Chen Zhili Secretary General: Hua Jianmin Ministries & Commissions (28) Agencies Directly Under State Council (18) Special Agency Directly Under State Council (1) Offices (6) Institutions (14) General Administration of Customs Mou Xinsheng State Administration of Taxation Xie Xuren State Administration for Industry and Commerce Wang Zhongfu Administration of Quality Supervision and Quarantine Li Changjiang State Administration of Environmental Protection Xie Zhenhua General Administration of Civil Aviation of China Yang Yuanyuan State Administration of Radio, Film, and Television Wang Taihua General Administration of Press and Publication Shi Zongyuan General Administration of Sports Liu Peng National Bureau of Statistics Li Deshui State Forestry Administration Zhou Shengxian State Food and Drug Administration Zheng Xiaoyu State Administration of Work Safety Wang Xianzheng State Intellectual Property Office Wang Jingchuan National Tourism Administration He Guangwei State Administration of Religious Affairs Ye Xiaowen Counselors’ Office of the State Council Cui Zhanfu General Administration Office Jiao Huancheng Ministry of Foreign Affairs Ministry of National Defense Li ZhaoxingCao Gangchuan Ministry of Education National Development and Reform Commission Zhou Ji Ma Kai Ministry of Science and Technology State Ethnic Affairs Commission Xu Guanhua Li Dek Su Ministry of Public Security Ministry of State Security Zhou YongkangXu Yongyue Ministry of Supervision Ministry of Civil Affairs Li ZhilunLi Xueju Ministry of Justice Ministry of Finance Zhang Fusheng Jin Renqing Ministry of Personnel Ministry of Labor and Social Security Zhang BolinZheng Silin Ministry of Land and Resources Ministry of Construction Sun WenshengWang Guangtao Ministry of Transportation Ministry of Railway Zhang Chunxian Liu Zhijun Ministry of Information Industry Ministry of Water Resources Wang XudongWang Shucheng Ministry of Agriculture Ministry of Commerce Du QinglinBo Xilai Ministry of Culture Ministry of Public Health Sun Jiazheng Wu Yi People’s Bank of China National Audit Office Zhou XiaochuanLi Jinhua National Population and Family Commission of Science, Technology and Planning Commission Industry for National Defense Zhang Weiqing Zhang Yunchuan Overseas Chinese Affairs Chen Yujie Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Liao Hui Legislative Affairs Cao Kangtai Research Office Wei Liqun Taiwan Affairs Chen Yunlin Information Office Zhao Qizheng Xinhua News Agency Tian Congming Chinese Academy of Sciences Lu Yongxiang Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Chen Kuiyuan Chinese Academy of Engineering Xu Kuangdi Development Research Center Wang Mengkui National School of Administration Hua Jianmin China Seismological Bureau Chen Jianmin China Meteorological Administration Qin Dahe China Banking Regulatory Commission Liu Mingkang China Securities Regulatory Commission Shang Fulin China Insurance Regulatory Commission Wu Ding Fu State Electricity Regulatory Commission Chai Songyue National Council of Social Security Fund Xiang Huaicheng National Natural Science Foundation Chen Yiyu State Owned Assets Supervision & Administration Commission Li Rongrong Source: Zhang, Zhibin

13. The Local Governance Structure Part II: Local

14. The Hierarchical Structure of Chinese Government Central Government State Council Special Administrative Regions (2) Municipalities (4) Provinces (22) Autonomous Regions (5) Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi, Henan, Shandong,Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Shannxi, Ganxu, Qinghai, Sichuang, Guizhou, Yunnan, Hainan Beijing, Tianjin Shanghai, Chongqing Inter Mongolia, Xinjiang Uygur, Tibet, Ningxia Guangxi Hong Kong Macao Prefectures (332) (Cities) Districts Counties Districts (830) Counties (2860) Townships (44850) Sources: Zhang, Zhibin Villages

15. The Provinces • The enormous differentiation between provinces • Size, wealth, topography, dialect, culture, economic structure • The importance of provinces in China’s governing system • The hierarchical rank of provinces • No binding orders to any others • The crucial actors in Chinese governing system • Provincial cooperation in “central” construction projects and enterprises • The size of provinces requires autonomous authority for provinces • Provinces control the appointments of all but highest provincial officials • The leverages of the Center over activities of the provinces are eroded • Reform has shifted power away from Beijing to provinces

16. The Local Governing Bodies • Cities • At any hierarchical rank • Function as economic centers • Full array of party and government organs which replicate those in provinces and the center • Counties • The major implementers of policies • Replicate provinces and the center in full array of party and government organs • Townships • Peasants administration • Localities for non-farm enterprises • No full array of party and government organs • Direct election at the village level since late 1980s

17. The Matrix Muddle: Tiao/Kuai Guanxi • The matrix • Nationwide bureaucratic system meshes both vertical (coordination from center to locality) and horizontal (coordination within a given geographic area) governing bodies • The dominance of the CCP furthers complexity of the bureaucratic web • Tiao and Kuai • The Tiao (条) (lines)– the vertical bureaucracies • The Kuai (块) (pieces) – the horizontal bureaucracies • Tiao / Kuai Guanxi (条块关系) • The relationship between vertical and horizontal bodies • Lingdao Guanxi (领导关系) (leadership relationship) – the one with priority • Yewu Guanxi (业务关系) (professional relationship) – the one without binding forces

18. Line of Authority in the Hierarchical Matrix Guangdong Provincial Government Provincial Level Guangdong Provincial Energy Department Zhongshan County CCP Committee Zhongshan County Government County Level Zhongshan County Energy Department CCP County Organization Department

19. The Techniques to Run the Governing Matrix System • The difficulties of running the governing matrix system • The pressure of building up to the Center • The cooperation issue • The techniques to run the system • Ideology • The importance criterion • The consensus criterion • Ideology worked as guidance of policy lines and goals • Decentralization • Negotiation • Improving and channeling information • Democratic centralism – public and political consultation • Meeting system and document system

20. Configuration of Political Power • Top leadership since 2002 • The core leader has less power over his colleagues than was the case of Mao and Deng • Formal requirements laid down in rules and regulations are taken more seriously within the top group • The top leadership group is less cohesive and less powerful than its predecessors • The differentiation of top leaders • By functional area of work • The leadership small groups • By degree of specialization • The key generalists • The bridge leaders • The specialized leaders

21. The Leadership Small Group • Party affairs • Government work • State security • Foreign affairs • Finance and economic affairs • Taiwan work • Agricultural affairs • Party-building work • Propaganda and ideological work • Commission for public sector reform • Financial work commission • Large-scale-enterprise work commission • Political and legal affairs

22. Organization of Power in China Leadership Small Groups From a few to more than a dozen pertinent officials Grouping of functionally related bureaucracies; the most important are Party Affairs, Propaganda / education, Organization / Personnel, political / Legal Affairs, Military affairs, Finance / Economics Xitong 系统 （system） Relevant party departments or government ministries and commissions, and their subordinate organs

23. The Xitong (系统) （system） • Xitong is a group of bureaucracies that together deal with a broad task the top leaders want performed • All of the Xitong aim to shape the behavior of China’s people • The importance of specific Xitong varied during different historical stages • The Xitong are virtually invisible on China’s organization charts • Most of the organs in Xitong other than the military report to the territorial party committees rather than up the line within their Xitong

24. Party Affairs Xitong (党务系统) • The Composition • Headed by the general secretary of CCP • Consists of the first secretaries of every territorial party committee • 2400 counties; 660 municipals; 44867 townships • Functions • The key personnel that make the Chinese system “work” on a territorial basis • Oversee implementation of political priorities sent down from above • Play important role in all leadership appointments within their territories, shape major decisions, adjudicate disputes, coordinate efforts, and lobby higher levels • Centralized Operation • Vertical relationship within Party Affairs Xitong is characterized with binding leadership relationship • Each territorial party committee is directly subordinate to the one on the next higher level

25. Organization Affairs Xitong (组织系统) • Composition • Consists of the organization and personnel departments at all levels of the party and government bureaucracies • Functions • To determine who should be appointed to positions of authority throughout the political system and in related bodies such as schools and hospitals • The management of personnel • The maintenance of personnel dossiers (档案) • Operation • Operate according to instructions peculiar to the Organization xitong • Decentralized operation • Territorial party committee directly commands the organization department

26. Propaganda and Education Xitong (宣教系统) • Composition • Propaganda and education bureaucracies • Media, all schools and colleges, research institutes, cultural units • Functions • To shape the values and perspectives of the entire population • Mass political campaigns • The attenuated role of Propaganda and Education Xitong • The economic reform • The eroded orthodox ideology • The confusion in value system • The rampant materialism

27. Political and Legal Affairs Xitong (政法系统) • Composition • Public security bureaus, court system, prosecurator system, prison system, fire department, border guards, secret police • Functions • Civilian coercive apparatus • Diminishing importance • Operation • Dual leadership • Public-security organs are under the control both of their territorial party committee and of the public security organ one level higher

28. Other Xitongs • Finance and Economics Xitong (财经系统) • To make the urban economy grow • Became more importance during the reform era • Less interference from political and propaganda system • More resources • Military Xitong (军事系统) • The leadership of the Chinese military • A state within the state • The CCP Central Military Commission • General Staff Department • General Political Department • General Logistics Department • General Equipment Department

29. The Party-State • Party control of the Government • Nomenklatura appointment • Lists of leading positions over which party units exercise the power of appointment and dismissal • List of reserve candidates for those positions • Rules governing the actual processes of appointments and dismissals • Interlocking directorates • Party core groups and party life

30. The Interlocking Structure between the Party and the Government Village

31. The Interlocking Structure between the Party and the Government Head of State President Vice-president Government Structure Party Structure Executives Premier State Council Standing Committee State Council General Secretary Politburo Standing Committee Politburo Central Military Commission Administration Secretariat Central Committee Departments: State Council General Office Ministries and Commissions • Organization (personnel appointment) • Propaganda (media, education, and political study) • United Front (non-communist parties) • International Liaison (foreign affairs) • Foreign Affairs • National Defense • State Development and Reform Commission • etc. Rule Adjudication Supreme People’s Court Supreme People’s Procuratorate Central Discipline Inspection Committee Assemblies Central Committee National Party Congress NPC Standing Committee National People’s Congress