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Government of Henry VII: Key Institutions and Functions

Explore the Parliament, Great Council, Privy Council, Privy Chamber, Star Chamber, and more in the governance of Henry VII's reign, including their roles, structures, and significance within the government system.

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Government of Henry VII: Key Institutions and Functions

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  1. Governing The Realm The Government of Henry VII

  2. Parliament • Acts of Parliament – statue laws – best laws • Agreement of lords spiritual, temporal and key commoners • Established part of government • But not necessary for King to govern • Called intermittently, as needed • Primarily to raise extra-ordinary taxation • Also granted customs duties for life • Pass Acts of Attainder • Pass important laws – consent of political classes

  3. The Great Council • Consultative body • All nobles, councillors and burgesses • Representatives of political classes of whole country • Called five times by Henry VII • Between 1487 and 1502

  4. The Privy Council • Advised King on matters of state, administration of law and order • Varied in number and who was present • Whoever was available when necessary • Henry rarely present himself • Loyalty most important attribute for members • Divided into specific councils, or committees as necessary

  5. The Privy Chamber • Established 1495 • After treason involving high ranking member of Henry VII’s Household • Sir William Stanley etc • At heart of Household • Saw king at most private, intimate • Massive potential for influence his decisions • Chamber servants low status • Not members of nobility • Henry VII increasingly withdrew into Privy Chamber

  6. Committees / Councils • Various established to tackle specific issues • Most (in)famous: Council Learned • Established 1495 • Ensure king received all feudal dues and entitlements • Supervised collection of bonds and recognisances • Operated without jury/ chance of appeal

  7. Royal Commissions • Established as necessary to investigate and deal with specific issues • Oyer and Terminer was permanent • Power to hear certain judicial cases • As thought necessary by King • Commission of the Peace • Supplement other courts as necessary • No legal training necessary to be named as part of commission • Though usually had one or two lawyers

  8. JPs • Henry II’s circuits now twice yearly • Meantime JPs dealt with law and order and enforcing King’s will • Important local link between Crown and counties • Chosen by the King • Directly accountable to him • Chosen from second tier of landowners • First Tier: Nobles dukes, earls, lords • Second Tier: Gentry Sir …. • Third Tier: Yeomen Master (Mr)

  9. Star Chamber • 1487: Star Chamber Act • Established tribunal to hear cases against nobility • Especially who broke law against Livery & Maintenance and Retaining • Also complaints against abuses of privilege • In practice met rarely • Died out • But Council Learned in Law lasted • And oversaw punitive measures against leading subjects • Bonds and recognisances

  10. Regional Councils • Council of the North • Governed the north of England • Although most of north governed by council established in midlands • Run by Margaret Beaufort • Council of the Western Marches • Oversaw Welsh borderlands • Western Marches nominally run by Prince Arthur • But Lord Stanley exercised a lot of control there

  11. Chancery & Equity Chancery Equity Equity: king’s right to dispense justice when common law deficient E.g. when defendant very powerful locally E.g. in grey areas between canon and common law • Court at Westminster • Feudal land disputes • Petitions of right • Although King couldn’t be sued, mistakes were acknowledged • Chancery dealt with them and king would make voluntary restitution

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