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Kinds of evidence. Positive Evidence : example utterances that occur in the input Which model the grammatical utterances in the language. Negative Evidence : correction and other behavior on the part of the adult that explicitly tells the child what is ungrammatical about their utterance. .
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Kinds of evidence Positive Evidence: example utterances that occur in the input Which model the grammatical utterances in the language. Negative Evidence: correction and other behavior on the part of the adult that explicitly tells the child what is ungrammatical about their utterance. Indirect Negative Evidence: utterances and other behavior on the part of the adult that indirectly tell the child that something about their utterance is ungrammatical.
Example of Direct Negative Evidence (McNeill, 1966) Child: Nobody don’t like me. Mother: No, say “nobody likes me.” Child: Nobody don’t like me. [Eight repetitions of this dialogue follow] Mother: No, now listen carefully, say “NOBODY LIKES ME” Child: Oh! Nobody don’t likes me.
Another Example of Direct Negative Evidence (Braine, 1971) Child: Want other one spoon, Daddy. Father: You mean, you want THE OTHER SPOON. Child: Yes, I want other one spoon, please, Daddy. Father: Can you say "the other spoon"? Child: Other ... one ... spoon. Father: Say ... "other". Child: Other. Father: "Spoon". Child: Spoon. Father: "Other ... Spoon". Child: Other ... spoon. Now give me other one spoon?
Other kinds of evidence (Marcus, 1993) Repetition (verbatim) Child: The ball fell down Parent: The ball fell down Positive evidence only tells the child what is grammatical Recast (modification) Child: The ball falled down Parent: The ball fell down Indirect Negative Evidence tells the child something is ungrammatical
Topic Extension Child: The ball falled down Parent: Yes it did, and then what happened? Incorrectly reinforces the child’s error Explicit approval Child: The ball falled down Parent: Yup. Incorrectly reinforces the child’s error
Clarification question Child: The ball falled down Parent: What was that? Ambiguous, not very useful evidence. Non sequiturs Child: The ball falled down Parent: …?... Ambiguous, not very useful evidence.