Translation of Words

1. Translation of Words

2. Teaching Plan Teaching Contents: • 1. Introduction to word’s seven types of meanings: Denotative meaning, Connotative meaning, Stylistic meaning, Affective meaning, Reflective meaning, Collocative meaning, Thematic meaning • 2. Introduction to word’s categories: Polysement, Word with different meanings, Synonym, Antonym • Translation methods of Chinese idioms Teaching Aims: • To make students know what are seven types of meanings for word • To make students know what are four categories for word • To make students master the right methods to translate culture-loaded Chinese idioms

3. Teaching Plan Teaching Focus: • Seven types of meanings for word • Four categories for word • Ways to translate culture-loaded Chinese idioms Teaching Methods: • Teacher-oriented lecturing • Students’ discussion (group work, then class work) Teaching Approaches: • Multi-media aided. Teaching Procedures:

4. Seven types of word’s meaning • Denotative meaning (外延意义/概念意义) • Connotative meaning (内涵意义) • Stylistic meaning (风格意义) • Affective meaning (情感意义) • Reflective meaning (联想意义) • Collocative meaning (搭配意义) • Thematic meaning (主题意义)

5. I. Analyzing words categories • Polysement(多义词) • Word with different meanings(歧异词) • Synonym(同义词) • Antonym(反义词)

6. 1. Polysement • 1. 我们找个安静点的地方好好聊聊。 • Let’s find a quiet place where we can have a good talk. • Let’s find somewhere quiet so we can have a good talk. • 2. 箱子里已经没有地方了。 • There is no more space in the chest. • There is no room left in the chest. • 3. 你希望留在部队还是到地方上去？ • Do you wish to stay in the army or to transfer to a civilian unit? • Would you like to stay in the army or leave for a non-military unit?

7. 4. 我国的一项基本国策是发展乡镇企业。 • It’s part and parcel of our national policy to develop enterprises in villages and towns. • It is an integral part of our national policy to promote the growth of township and village enterprises. • 5. 我们要根据形势的发展来调整政策。 • We must make adjustment in our policy in response to changes in the situation. • We have to adjust our policy to the changing situation.

8. 6. 请大家积极参与单位的体制改革。 • Everyone is called on to take an active part in the systematic reform of one’s work unit. • You are all encouraged to play an active role in the systematic reform of our unit. • 7. 他总是以积极态度处理各种问题。 • He takes a positive attitude in dealing with all kinds of problems. • He approaches various problems with a positive frame of mind.

9. 8. 请别客气. • Please don’t stand on ceremony. • Please don’t be so polite. • Please make yourself at home. • Please don’t bother. Please, we don’t want to put you to trouble. • 9. 他客气而冷淡地接待了我们. • He received us politely but coolly. • He received us with civility but no warmth. • He received us with cool politeness. • He received us with polite indifference.

10. 10. 对他这种人就是不能客气. • You cannot afford to go soft on a man like him. • You must not be too soft when dealing with someone like him. • You must be tough with people like him. • Don’t give in easily when dealing with someone like him. • 11.他说自己才疏学浅,这只不过是中国人的客气罢了. • He says that he is a man of little learning and talent. That is merely self-depreciation, considered as politeness by the Chinese. • When he says he has little learning or talent, he is only being modest in accordance with the Chinese rules of politeness. • By describing himself as lacking in talent and learning, eh is only being modest like a typical Chinese. • He describes himself as incompetent and unlearned. That is merely typical Chinese modesty.

11. 2. Synonym 同义词的区分 General/Specific Degree (Deep/Shallow) Coverage (wide/narrow) Abstract/Concrete

12. 2. 同义词 • 农业是国民经济的基础.（广义） • 这些年来,我国的农业林业畜牧业和渔业都得到了相应的发展.（侠义） • 我们要破除迷信,解放思想. • 当前我们应努力克服个人主义和享乐主义各种错误思想. • 他那八十高龄的母亲已于上月去世. （褒义） • 臭名昭著的麦卡锡终于一命呜呼哀哉!（贬义）

13. II. Words Choosing 1.词汇的感情色彩 • 注意词义的广狭 • 注意词义的轻重 • 注意词义的褒贬 • 注意词义的强弱 2.词汇的文体色彩 intimate — casual—consultative—formal — Frozen 3.词语的搭配

14. 美丽 • 美丽、好看、漂亮、中看、受看、入眼、顺眼、英俊、俊俏、俊美、绝色、冰肌玉骨、面如冠玉、花容月貌、国色天香、秀色可餐、倾国倾城等。

15. 死亡 • 亡、卒、陨、崩、亡故、过世、仙逝、归西、牺牲、献身、永别、没了、完蛋、毙命、送命、暴卒、阵亡、夭折、早逝、升天、坐化、羽化、圆寂、回老家、玩儿完、粉身碎骨、溘然长逝、寿终正寝、呜呼哀哉、驾鹤西游、百年之后、三长两短、以身许国、马革裹尸、玉殒香

16. 先交代我自己吧。我是个算命先生。我也卖过酸枣、落花生什么的，那可是先前的事了。现在我在街上摆挂摊，好了呢，一天也抓弄个三毛五毛的。老伴儿早死了，儿子拉洋车。我们爷儿俩住着柳家大院的一间北房。先交代我自己吧。我是个算命先生。我也卖过酸枣、落花生什么的，那可是先前的事了。现在我在街上摆挂摊，好了呢，一天也抓弄个三毛五毛的。老伴儿早死了，儿子拉洋车。我们爷儿俩住着柳家大院的一间北房。 First, a few words about myself. I’m a fortune-teller. Once I was a vender of sour dates, ground-nuts and what not. But that was ages ago. Now I keep a fortune-teller’s stall on the side-walk and can scrape up three or five dimes a day at best. My old gal had long kicked up her heels. My son’s a rickshaw-boy.That’s who he is. We two, father and son, hang our hats at a south-facing room in the liu’s compound.

17. III. Translation of Chinese Idioms习语汉译英

18. Scope of Chinese Idioms 1. 成语: “人们长期以来习用的、形式简洁而意思精辟的、定性的词组或短句。汉语成语大多由四个字组成。”<现汉> （陈文伯） set phrases; idioms 2. 惯用语：idioms 3. 俗语: “通俗流行之语”或“约定俗成广泛通行之语” sayings 4. 谚语: “在群众中间流传的固定语句,用简单通俗的话反映出深刻的道理。” <现汉> proverbs 5. 歇后语：由前后两部分构成，前一部分多为比喻，后一部分说明喻义。two-part allegorical sayings 6. 格言警句: maxim

19. Characteristics of Chinese Idioms • 习语集中反映一个民族或文化的特色。 • 习语是各种修辞手段的集中表现。 • 习语是语言中独立的、不规则的、固定的成分。 第一、二两点对译者的要求是什么？ 第三点对译者的要求是什么？

20. 第一、二两点要求译者尽量保持原文的民族形式和风格，因此直译（不是死译和硬译）往往是必要的。第一、二两点要求译者尽量保持原文的民族形式和风格，因此直译（不是死译和硬译）往往是必要的。 • 第三点要求译者不要把习语当作普通语句来处理，须避免字字对译。

21. Guiding idea of Chinese idioms translation • “直译基础上的意译” • 陆殿扬：“Translate literally, if possible, or, appeal to free translation.” (如果可能，就直译；否则就意译） • 奈达：功能对等（Functional Equivalence: not only the equivalent content of message, but, in so far as possible, an equivalence of the form);

22. 改变形式的五个条件 • 直译会导致意义上的错误时； • 引入外来语形成语义空白（Semantic Zero），读者有可能自己填入错误的意义时； • 形式对等引起严重的意义晦涩时； • 形式对等引起作者原意所没有的歧义时； • 形式对等违反译入语的语法或文体规范时。

23. Principles of Chinese Idioms Translation习语汉译英的原则 • 形象性原则 • 简练性原则 • 不可滥用字面意义直译法 • 尽量少用意译法和直译加注法

24. Translation Methods习语翻译的基本方法 • 1. 直译法：在不违背译文语言规范以及不 引起译文读者错误理解的情况下，在译文中保留原文成语的形象、修辞手段和民族特色 • 2. 同义习语借用法: 有些习语在内容形式和色彩上都符合, 可借用 • 3. 意译法: 无法直译, 也无法借用时, 则意译 • 4. 直译兼意译:部分直译,部分意译,直意参半法 • 5. 省略法: 四字重叠词组因追求音韵美,前后两部分意义相同或相近时, 只需译出一部分或只译其意义, 可以不考虑重叠的部分。

25. Translation Methods习语翻译的基本方法 • 6. 增添法：为了更清楚地表达原意，有时要结合上下文，在译文中增添一些说明。 • 7. 还原法：有些习语源于外语，翻译时可使之还原。 • 8. 直译加注法：有些习语包含历史典故，含有中国文化色彩，如果不作一番解释，英语读者将很难理解其确切含义。 • 9. 粗俗语回避法：对于粗俗语，通常采用回避的方法，即借用英语同义习语或意译等方法来处理。

26. 直译法: 保留原习语形象(异化) • 纸老虎 paper tiger • 走狗 running dog • 丢脸 lose face • 和风细雨 as mild as a drizzle and as gentle as a breeze • 槁木死灰 withered wood or cold ashes • 跑了和尚跑不了庙 The monk may run away, but the temple can’t run away. • 竹篮打水一场空 drawing water in a bamboo basket

27. 剖腹藏珠 cut open your stomach to hide a pearl 外强中干 Outwardly strong but inwardly weak 礼尚往来 Courtesy requires reciprocity 前怕老虎后怕狼 Fear of the wolf in front and the tiger behind 刻骨铭心 To be engraved on one’s heart and bones 引狼入室 To lead a wolf into the house

28. 重见天日 To see the daylight again 百川归海 All rivers flow to the sea. 画饼充饥 To draw cakes to allay hunger 口蜜腹剑 To be honey-mouthed and dagger-hearted 声东击西 To shout in the east and strike in the west

29. 城门失火,殃及池鱼 A fire on the city wall brings disaster to the fish in the moat. 路遥知马力,日久见人心 As a long road tests a horse’s strength, so a long task proves a person’s heart. 初生牛犊不怕虎 New-born calves make little of tigers. 明枪易躲,暗箭难防 It is easy to dodge a spear in the open, but hard to guard against an arrow shot from behind.

30. 不能直译的习语 • 眉飞色舞 • 死译：His eyebrows are flying and his countenance is dancing • 改译：To beam with joy • 粗枝大叶 • With big branches and broad leaves • To be crude and careless • 无孔不入 • To get into every hole • To take advantage of every weakness • 扬眉吐气 • To raise the eyebrow and let out a breath • To feel proud and elated

31. 灯红酒绿 • With red lights and green wine • Dissipated and luxurious • 纸醉金迷 • With drunken paper and bewitched gold • (a life of )luxury and dissipation • 开门见山 • To open the door and see the mountain • To come straight to the point • 单枪匹马 • With a solitary spear and a single horse • To be single-handed in doing sth.

32. 大张旗鼓 • To make a great array of flags and drums • On a large and spectacular scale • 海阔天空 • With a vast sea and a boundless sky • (To talk) at random • 风雨飘摇 • The wind and rain are rocking • (of a situation)being unstable

33. 2. 同义习语借用法:归化 1)含义相同,所用比喻和形象基本一致, “心有灵犀一点通”的习语, 可“自然归化” 混水摸鱼 to fish in troubled water 火上浇油 to add fuel to oil 空中楼阁 castles in the air 趁热打铁 Strike while the iron is hot. 沧海一粟 a drop in the ocean 复水难收 no use crying over spilt milk 狐假虎威 ass in the lion’s skin 养虎为患 to warm a snake in one’s bosom 本末倒置 to put the cart before the horse 眼中钉,肉中刺 a thorn in the flesh 隔墙有耳 Walls have ears.

34. 赴汤蹈火 go through fire and water 过河拆桥 kick down the ladder 格格不入 be like square pegs in round holes 乳臭未干 be wet behind the ears 魂不附体 jump out of one’s skin 2)形象不同,寓意相同的,亦可借用，但是文化发生冲突时，要谨慎处理，不能随意借用。 小题大做 make a mountain out of a molehill （可借用） 班门弄斧：to teach a fish to swim（可借用） 谋事在人，成事在天 Man proposes, God disposes.（不可借用）

35. 3)不借用形象或比喻的, 可放心借用 迂回曲折 twists and turns 断断续续 off and on 涣然一心 spick and span 乱七八糟 at sixes and sevens 挖空心思 to rack one’s brains 针锋相对 to give tit for tat

36. 归化？异化？你来选择 • 竭泽而渔 • To drain a pond to catch all the fish • Kill the goose that lays the golden eggs • 打草惊蛇 • To stir up the grass and alert the snake • Wake a sleeping dog • 易如反掌 • As easy as turning over one’s hand • As easy as falling off a log

37. 掌上明珠 • A pearl in the palm • The apple of one’s eye • 守口如瓶 • To keep one’s mouth closed like a bottle • To keep a still tongue in one’s head • 雪中送炭 • To send charcoal in snowy weather • To help a lame dog over stile • 画蛇添足 • To draw a snake and add feet to it • To paint the lily

38. 3. 意译法: 牺牲形象, 割舍文化因子 胸有成竹 To have a well-thought-out plan before doing sth 桃李满天下 To have students all over the world 叶公好龙 Professed love of what one really fears 东施效颦 Crude imitation with ludicrous effect 南柯一梦 A fond dream or illusory joy/fond dream 四面楚歌 To be besieged on all sides

39. 悬梁刺股 To be extremely hard-working in one’s studies 初出茅庐 At the beginning of one’s career 罄竹难书 (of crimes) too numerous to mention 倾城倾国 To be extremely beautiful 辎珠必较 To haggle over every penny 毛遂自荐 To volunteer one’s service

40. 4. 直译兼意译 • 无亲无故 without a single relative or friend to help her out • 斩草除根 pluck up the evil by the roots • 风餐露宿 braving the wind and dew • 贼眉鼠眼 to behave stealthily like a thief • 辗转反侧 to toss and turn restlessly • 跃跃欲试 eager to have a try • 狼吞虎咽 to wolf sth. Down

41. 5. 省略法 • 能工巧匠 skilled craftsman • 称兄道弟 to call each other brothers • 赤手空拳 to be bare-handed • 自吹自擂 to blow one’s own trumpets • 心慈手软 soft-hearted • 安家落户 to make one’s home • 抛头露面 to make one’s own appearance • 愁眉苦脸 to pull on a long face

42. 长吁短叹 • Sighing deeply • 千真万确 • Quite true • 油嘴滑舌 • Glib tongue • 断子绝孙 • Ah Q, may you die sonless. • 沉鱼落雁之容，闭月羞花之貌。 • Her beauty would put the flowers to shame.

43. 6. 增添法 • 树倒猢狲散 Once the tree falls, the monkeys on it will flee helter-shelter. (meaning 慌慌张张） • 借香敬佛 borrowing joss-sticks from a neighbor and burning them before Buddha for your own sake. • 惊弓之鸟 A bird starteld by the mere twang of a bow-string • 螳螂捕蝉，黄雀在后 The mantis stalks the cicada, unaware of the oriole lurking behind itself. • 风声鹤唳，草木皆兵 be scared by the sigh of the wind or the cry of the cranes, fearing ambush at every tree and tuft of grass

44. 个人自扫门前雪， 不管他人瓦上霜。 Sweep the snow from your own front door; leave the frost on the other man’s roof to thaw. Mind your own business; poke not your nose into other people’s business. • 木已成舟 The wood is already made into a boat --- what’s done is done. • 井水不犯河水 Well water and river water leave each other alone --- stay out of things that don’t concern you.

45. 7. 还原法 • 牵着鼻子走 lead/be led by the nose • 火中取栗 cat’s paw/to pull the chestnut out of the fire • 武装到了牙齿 be armed to the teeth • 象沙丁鱼罐头一样packed like sardines/jammed together like sardines • 夹着尾巴跑了run away with their tails between their legs • 战争贩子war monger • 死硬派 die-hards • 强权政治 power politics

46. 8. 直译加注法 • 司马昭之心，路人皆知。 • 毛遂自荐 • 世外桃源 • 画龙点睛 • 画蛇添足 • 三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮。 • 班门弄斧

47. 9. 粗俗语回避法 • 我要去就是王八蛋。 • I’ll be damned if I’ll go. • 他妈的，雨真大。 • Blast it! What a heavy rain! • 真该死，我没赶上末班车。 • Oh, hell. I’ve missed the last train. • 你可以滚蛋了。 • You can go to the devil!

48. Exercise • 下列成语性词语多含有比喻，基本意思相同，但比喻的形象在中文和英文中有区别。在英译文的空线上加上适当的词，已完成该习语的翻译。 • 缘木求鱼 to seek a hare in a ‘s nest. • 大海捞针 to look for a needle in a stack. • 一箭之遥 at a ‘s throw. • 守口如瓶 dumb as an . • 面如土色 as white as a . • 胆小如鼠 as timid as a . • 一模一样 as like as two . • 蠢得像猪 as stupid as a .

49. 瓮中之鳖 like a rat in a . • 犟得像牛 as stubborn as a . • 睡得死沉 sleep like a . • 对牛弹琴 to cast before . • 一丘之貉 of a feather. • 掌上明珠 the of one’s eye • 像落汤鸡 as wet as a drowned . • 满腹文章 have a crammed with knowledge. • 高深莫测 as deep as a . • 像没头苍蝇 as blind as a . • 无风不起浪 no without . • 挂羊头卖狗肉 cry up and sell vinegar.

50. Key • 缘木求鱼 to seek a hare in a hen ‘s nest. • 大海捞针 to look for a needle in a hay stack. • 一箭之遥 at a stone ‘s throw. • 守口如瓶 dumb as an oyster . • 面如土色 as white as a sheet . • 胆小如鼠 as timid as a hare . • 一模一样 as like as two peas . • 蠢得像猪 as stupid as a goose . • 瓮中之鳖 like a rat in a hole . • 犟得像牛 as stubborn as a mule . • 睡得死沉 sleep like a log .