1 / 10

Solubility

This chapter explores the concept of solubility, including definitions and phenomena such as miscibility and immiscibility. It details how polar and nonpolar substances interact, emphasizing the principle of "like dissolves like." The text discusses the factors affecting solubility, including surface area and temperature, and introduces important terms like saturated, unsaturated, and supersaturated solutions. Additionally, it touches on the solubility behavior of gases in liquids and the electrical conductivity of various substances in solution, including electrolytes and nonelectrolytes.

mari
Télécharger la présentation

Solubility

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Solubility Chapter 13

  2. Some Definitions • Solubility – the ability of one substance to dissolve into another (expressed in terms of the amount of solute that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent) • “Like dissolves Like” • Polar compounds dissolve polar compounds • Water is polar • Nonpolar compound dissolve nonpolar compounds • Paint and paint thinner are both nonpolar

  3. More Definitions • Miscible – two or more liquids that are able to dissolve into each other in various proportions • Paint and paint thinner • Immiscible – two or more liquids that do not mix with each other • Oil and water • Sometimes difficult to determine because of “partial solubility”

  4. Solids and Solubility • The greater the surface area of the solid, the quicker it will dissolve • Breaking solids apart increases surface area, thereby increasing the rate at which a solid dissolves • Generally increases with temperature

  5. Salts • Polar – so soluble in water • Dissociation – The separating of a molecule into simpler molecules, atoms, or ions • Hydration – when dissociated ions are surrounded by water molecules

  6. Solubility Rules • Page 473 • Alkali metals and ammonium are always soluble (except LiF) • Most acetates are soluble • Most nitrates are soluble • Bromides and Chlorides are soluble (unless combined with Ag, Pb, and Hg) • See table for others

  7. Saturation • A Saturated Solution is one that cannot dissolve any more solute under the given conditions • An Unsaturated Solution is a solution that contains less solute than a saturated solution and that is able to dissolve additional solute • A Supersaturated Solution is a solution holding more dissolved solute than what is required to reach equilibrium at a given temperature

  8. Gases and Liquids • Gases can dissolve in liquids • Look at an unopened bottle of pop – do you see the bubbles? • What happens when you open the bottle?

  9. Solutions have Physical Properties • Conductivity – the ability to conduct an electric current • An Electrolyte is a substance that dissolves in water to give a solution that conducts an electric current • A Nonelectrolyte is a liquid or solid substance that does not allow the flow of an electric current, either in pure state, or in solution • Tap water contains electrolytes and therefore conducts electricity, pure water does not contain electrolytes and will NOT conduct electricity

  10. Surfactants • A compound that concentrates at the surface between two phases • Most cleaners are surfactants • Emulsion – any mixture of two or more immiscible liquids in which one liquid is dispersed in the other (oil and water)

More Related