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Exploring Psychology: From Ancient Philosophies to Modern Perspectives

Understand the origins, goals, and key concepts of psychology from ancient philosophies to modern perspectives. Explore different schools of psychology and the roles of psychologists in clinical, applied, and research settings.

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Exploring Psychology: From Ancient Philosophies to Modern Perspectives

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Presentation Transcript

  1. ChapterS 1 & 2 Introduction to Psychology & Research Methods

  2. Learning Objectives • Define and Describe Psychology • Understand the modern definition • Distinguish types of psychologists • Understand the history of scientific psychology • Mind-body problem • Contrast different viewpoints in the origin of knowledge • Explain development of schools of psychology • Understand modern psychology • Understand how research is conducted

  3. What Is Psychology? • Book definition: • The scientific study of behavior and the mind • The scientific study of the behavior of individuals and mental processes. • Behavior • Mind and body

  4. Science Of Psychology • Psychological knowledge is based on the scientific method • Emphasis on observable data • Mental processes - observable? • Black box analogy • Ask – reliability • Open – parts not mechanism • Observe - bias

  5. Goals Of Psychology • Describe • Observe and describe • Objectivity • Operational definition • Many terms lack scientific precision • Operational = measurable

  6. Goals Of Psychology • Explain • Hypotheses • Inferences or logical assumptions • Intervening variables • Requires a test • Revise hypotheses

  7. Goals Of Psychology • Predict • Important and also source of criticism • Theory • Never completely proven • Enough evidence to support

  8. Goals Of Psychology • Control • May frighten some people • Clinical psychology – therapy • Marketing, and applied fields

  9. What Do Psychologists Do? • Clinical psychology • Majority of psychologists • Apply psychological theory to mental problems • Diagnosis and treatment • Counseling psychology • Clinical psychology • Psychiatry

  10. What Do Psychologists Do? • Applied psychology • Not involved with psychological disorders • Apply psychological knowledge in the real world • Industrial-Organizational psychology • School psychology • Human factors psychology

  11. What Do Psychologists Do? • Research psychology • Conduct experiments to learn about behavior and the mind • Work mainly in research and educational settings • Biopsychology • Cognitive psychology • Developmental psychology

  12. Roots of Psychology • Relatively young field • No clear record from ancient past • Ancient Greece • Not to say that other civilizations did not have this knowledge

  13. Roots of Psychology Philosophy • Plato • Introspection • Rationalism • Arguments and reason to explain human behavior

  14. Roots of Psychology Physiology • Aristotle • Observation and study of function of human body • Empiricism • Currently: Balance

  15. Schools of Psychology • Structuralism • Wilhelm Wundt • Physiologist • First psychology lab in Leipzig • Introspection • Elements of immediate experience • Table of elements

  16. Schools of Psychology • Functionalism • William James – American • Also introspective but functional • Adaptive nature of psychology • Influenced by Darwin

  17. Schools of Psychology • Behaviorism • Self-observation is unreliable • Science requires objectivity • Emphasis on the environment

  18. Schools of Psychology • Psychoanalysis • Sigmund Freud • Unconscious • Humanism • Positive aspects • Motivated to do better

  19. Modern Perspectives • Biological Perspective • Brain function • Biochemical activity • Evolutionary psychology • Chapters 3, 6, 5

  20. Modern Perspectives • Cognitive Perspective • Mental processes = thoughts, perceptions, and memories • Structuralism (components of thought) • Functionalism (adaptive purpose of thought) • Chapters 7, 8, 9

  21. Modern Perspectives • Behavioral Perspective • More emphasis on environment, consciousness is not directly observable • Learning and reinforcement • Determinism • Chapter 7

  22. Modern Perspectives • Sociocultural Perspective • Influence of others and culture • How does our behavior depend on the society we belong to? • Cross-cultural • Chapter 13

  23. Modern Perspectives • Personality/Clinical Perspectives • Psychoanalytic • Unconscious motives and conflict • Humanistic • Emphasis on human ability • Healthy urges and strive for self-actualization • Chapters 6, 12, 14, 15

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