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Introduction to Presence

Introduction to Presence. Prof. A. Ferworn. Topics. Course Management Form Assignments Buzz words Telepresence Presence Research Questions The Gestalt of Presence Measuring Presence. What is Telepresence?.

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Introduction to Presence

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  1. Introduction to Presence Prof. A. Ferworn

  2. Topics • Course Management Form • Assignments • Buzz words • Telepresence • Presence • Research Questions • The Gestalt of Presence • Measuring Presence

  3. What is Telepresence? • Term coined by Marvin Minsky in 1980 but attributed to the futurist Patrick Gunkel • He meant: Manipulation of objects in the real world through remote access technology

  4. Telepresence

  5. Example: MAX Teleoperated dog on the Web (1998-99)

  6. MAX

  7. Presence • Expanded definition of Telepresence by Thomas Sheridan (1994) • Presence is a theoretical concept describing the effect that people experience when they interact with a computer-mediated or computer-generated environment.

  8. What is Presence? • Sense of being present in an environment • A physical • Virtual • Imagined • Hallucinated feeling • Being there is all in your head • Therefore it is tough to measure

  9. Open Research Questions Is there a definition of presence that is sufficiently operational and quantitative to be useful? What are the factors that create a sense of presence? Are there subjective and objective measures that can quantify presence? 9

  10. More Questions Are there applications for which a sense of presence actually improves operator performance? Are there applications for which presence is a necessary ingredient? If so, how are these applications different from applications for which a more traditional display system is just as effective? 10

  11. Sheridan (1992) Physical aspects of an experience that determine “presence”: What Sensory data is available and how much? Can the sensors be controlled? Can the environment be modified? Sensory Information Ability to Modify Environment Control of Sensors 11

  12. Why is Presence applicable to Robotics • One of definition of the word robot might be: • Any device that supports • Sensing • Actuation, and • Control Sensory Information Ability to Modify Environment Control of Sensors

  13. How do we measure presence? • Well, it turns out, not very well • Subjective Measurements • Questionnaires soliciting opinion about experience • Indirect Psychological Measurements • Relate stimulus magnitude to opinion about the stimulus magnitude • Objective Measurements • Based on • Performance measures of tasks • Physiological responses

  14. Questionnaires • Example: • Witmer and Singer Questionnaire • Questions about reactions to virtual environments • Hope to create consistency across systems • General Approach among questionnaires • Take assumptions about what presence is and make up questions concerning the assumptions

  15. Immersive Tendency Questionnaire

  16. Virtual Environment-Centric

  17. Physiological Responses • Theory: • The real world changes our physiological responses to it. • A remote or virtual world should do the same if we are immersed in it. Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Nervous, Sensory, Blood Chemistry

  18. Measure this • Relax • Find your Pulse • Watch this

  19. Performance measures Success vs. failure measures Based on individual task performance Eg Bottle tests for teleoperation (next slide) Suspension of belief Observable changes in mode of behavior relative to interface Forgetting the interface is there. Instinctual responses Ducking at approaching objects Leaning into a perceived curve Vocalizations 19

  20. The Bottle Test • While testing for presence is hit and miss, testing for other things can be quite easy • This is the poor man’s testing strategy • When you have nothing else, you can test an operator’s concentration and ability to focus with a simple bottle of water

  21. The Bottle Test

  22. Example: Simulated Rollercoaster

  23. How to Measure the Presence • Subjective Measure • Questionnaire concerning feeling before and after ride • Indirect Psychological • Perceived speed of ride vs. stimulus producing this perception • Physiological • Heart rate during ride

  24. How would you measure these?

  25. Some Heuristics for Presence • Everyone brings their own state of mind (Gestalt) to a situation. • There is a large difference between the intensity of actually being there and being virtually or distantly there. • perceptions and behavior of and in real-world situations may be modified based on virtual or mediated experiences • Presence is consequence free

  26. Where is presence important? Therapy Pain control Rehabilitation Entertainment Training Education 26

  27. Remember what I said about Gestalt

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