Environmental Science & Territory Department Via E. Filiberto, 1 –3 56127 Pisa

1. Barcelona, 25 May 2005 Aldo Iacomelli Environmental Science & Territory Department Via E. Filiberto, 1 –3 56127 Pisa e-mail: iacomelli@scamb.unipi.it

2. The energy cycle is probably the human activity having the highest impact on environment especially the water environment and the air (not only CO2). The MAP (SAP/MED, MSSD) cover already the issues linked with the pollution from energy sector but call it with other names. The CP in Catania in 2003 did a clear recommendation to MEDU Secretariat to take care of energy related issues in an interdisciplinary way with proper tools. The SAP/MED already cover energy issues without call it with the proper name Implementing the SAP/MED and NAP – means work on energy issues CP/RAC activities show the fundamental link with cleaner productions and energy issues (EE, RE, DSM, etc..)

3. SAP is one of many environmental priorities – total cost in Mediterranean region – USD 10 Mil (2000); • Other environmental priority push the Governments to invest in Technology innovation especially in the energy sector (big money are allocated in the energy sector); • NAP represents the national programmes to implement SAP/MED; • Financing the NAP is a holistical task as resources are needed to be “reserved” for additional environmentally related activities • Several international/regional activities are ongoing which may assist in strengthening domestic efforts and ENERGY is a real priority in all sense

4. ENERGY SOURCES

5. PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCES (Chemical, Electromagnetic, Mechanical, Nuclear e Thermal) SECONDARY ENERGY SOURCES (Chemical and Nuclear) ELECTRIC ENERGY END USES AGRICULTURAL RESIDENTIAL INDUSTRIAL TRASPORTATION Electric, Mechanical or Thermal Energy SCHEME OF ENERGY SOURCES AND END USES

6. ENERGY CONSUMPTION

7. Billions Total world population Developing countries Developed countries Total world population

8. 7 000 7 000 6 000 6 000 5 000 5 000 4 000 4 000 Mtoe Mtoe 3 000 3 000 2 000 2 000 1 000 1 000 0 0 1970 1970 1980 1980 1990 1990 2000 2000 2010 2010 2020 2020 2030 2030 World Primary Energy Demand Oil Natural gas Coal Other renewables Nuclear power Hydro power Energy Needs Human feeding ~ 0,2 T.C.E./year ~ 0,5 kg COAL/day

10. 400 400 RE RE Hydro Hydro 350 350 300 300 Gas Gas 250 250 200 200 Mtoe Oil Oil 150 150 100 100 50 50 Coal Coal 0 0 1970 1970 1980 1980 1990 1990 2000 2000 2010 2010 Primary energy consumption in the South & East Mediterranean Countries Source: MEDREP/MEDREC

11. 750 Others 600 Morocco +7.3% p.a Algeria Tunisia 450 Libya Egypt TWh TWh 300 Turkey 150 0 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Power production in the South & East Mediterranean Countries Source: MEDREP/MEDREC

12. ENERGY IMPACTS

13. Example: “City” as energy system • Consumptions based on non renewables as petroleum and nuclear; • Energy dissipation and entropy has increased by large concentration characteristic of urban structure; • City efficiency can be calculated through the ratio between entry energy (and goods) and exit energy (and residual)

14. Energy and environment • Atmospheric pollution • The atmosphere is polluted by thermoelectric plants burning fossil fuels and releasing sulphur and nitrogen oxides (converted into acids), particles of different sizes (the smaller the more dangerous!), several hydrocarbons etc • Similar effects are produced by energy utilisation by industries and by domestic users (especially when using coal, or primitive biomass stoves) • Vehicular traffic is responsible for similar atmospheric pollutions, especially in urban areas and along highways. In addition to the pollutants released by fossil fuel power stations, traffic also contributes with carbon monoxide, and often with benzene and with lead • The release of SOx and NOx is the cause of acid precipitations, extended to whole regions, which have important negative effects on crops, on forests, on lakes and water bodies and on the conservation of manufacts • Nuclear plants may release radioactive substances to the atmosphere, especially in the case of accidents or malfunctioning

15. Effects on Water • Fossil fuel power plants may release pollutants to water used for refrigeration or for cleaning (but this is generally not a major effect); • Fossil and nuclear plants use water; sometime this water is evaporated in cooling towers and lost for other uses; when water from rivers is used for cooling, it is returned at a higher temperature, with effects on the ecology; • Coal purification needs water – and pollutes it • Sea transportation of oil and oil products and exploitation of off-shore deposits may release large quantities of oil into the water, with destructive effects on the marine environment • Hydroelectric plants affect uses of water, create new water bodies and may in extreme cases affect the climate

16. Effects on soil • soil through escavations (e.g. coal surface mines), through deposits of topsoil, mine wastes and sludge. (Surface) mining can also induce land erosion; • Possible soil contamination derives also from fuel transformation activities (e.g. oil refineries); • Exploitation of renewable energy sources (such as wind or solar) involve the utilisation of large surface of land; • Other effects include: • Noise pollution (from diesel generators, from wind generators etc.); • Visual pollution.

17. Energy and climate • More recently, preoccupations have grown about the changes in global climate that could be induced by the release into the atmosphere of “greenhouse gases” due to human activities. Greenhouse gases (which are transparent to visible light but capture infrared radiation) could induce global warming and deep, potentially destructive, changes in climate patterns • Carbon dioxide is the most important GHG accounting for about two thirds of the warming, and the great majority of its human-induced release derives from the energy cycle – the combustion of fossil fuels • Other GHG connected with the energy cycle are methane and nitrogen oxide • Co-ordinated efforts to limit the growth of GHG concentration in the atmosphere (such as the Kyoto protocol) involve more efficient energy utilisation, increased use of renewables and better use of fossil fuels

18. Climate Change Crude Oil Production Temperature change IPCC data www.hubbertpeak.com

20. KYOTO IS A DRIVING FORCE FOR MOBILIZING BIG MONEY IN THE MEDITERRANEAN Investor Financing Mechanisms End Financiers Private sector Investments Public Sector Invest-ments • Retained earnings • Subsidies from Governments • Loan Financing • Governmental subsidies (national, sub-national or local) • Users • Community • Service Provider • Private financing (commercial loans, capital markets, retained earnings) • International Financial Institutions • Foreign Governments (ODA Export Credits) • Company • Domestic tax payers • Domestic tax payers • Users • Foreign tax payers Borrowed and private capital has a price for future generations Planning for sustainability must be based on domestic financing

21. Action plan implementation Framework analysis/preparation Investment/implementation Long term action plan Framework analysis/preparation Investment/implementation Medium term action plan Investment/implementation Short term action plan 5 year 10 year

22. Proposed Regional Activities in - Strengthen the Medium and Long Term implementation of SAP/MED: • Technology transfer BAT & BEP (UNDER SAP); • Policy framework on energy issues in the Mediterranean (NOT ONLY CO2 ). • Deployement of financing sources and mechanisms options for the financial support to implement the SAP related with Energy Sector (RE&EE) ; (acelerate with energy sector)

23. Training and Capacity building (energy • auditing new solutions); • Dissemination of information; • Identification and development of pilot projects and CDM projects; • Cooperation between existing energy • related initiatives (MSSD/MCSD, • MEDREP, EUROMED, JREC, EUEI) to • develop policy and new financial • arrangements aspects.

24. Adapt regional policy frameworks to address identified barriers to BAT &BEP for SAP implementation; • Define and publicise common SAP sub-targets, to implement policy changes • Use tools developed in previous MEDPOL phase to prepare successful project proposals; • Improved feasibility studies and project architecture, use of proper financial tools • Creation and operation of “facilitation” fund

25. Review existing and potential environmental financing mechanisms in the region (MEDA, Kyoto mechanisms) – link with donors (WB, EBI, ADB, etc) on financing sustainable development related with energy issues. • Develop activity 5 of UNEP/GEF programme on sustainable financing – (in cooperation PAP/RAC, WB, METAP, BP/RAC etc.) with some key projects energy related. • Demonstrate one national experience of strategic planning of NAP and domestic resource mobilisation related with energy sector (supported by MAP Secretariat)

26. POSSIBLE FOLLOW UP of 2005 Activities • Regional workshop as side event at 2005 COP – on long term sustainable policy and financing energy related activitiesto implement SAP in a more cost /effective way: • Discussion on possible future regional activities on energy; • Collection and dissemination of regional stakeholders activities already done; • Learn from Mediterranean experience (MEDREP/MEDREC, CP/RAC, RACs etc..) • Discussion to establish or not a “working group or a task force” within the MAP secretariat that help the parties to cover policy and financing aspect related with the SAP implementation (energy related issues).

27. DRAFT Route map: development and launch SEPT. NOV. DEC. Strategy development Project implementation • Presentation MAP FP • Informal Consultation phase: • Among CP, experts from Gov, • power sector experts, etc. Develop common proposal on energy 1st workshop on ENERGY in the SAP &MAP COP side event Develop a portfolio of project to be implemented in the SAP framework Regional technical expert meetings With MEDU Secretariat to develop the Program of Work of the “Task force” JAN 06 FEB 06 • Launch by MEDU Secretariat of activities MAR. 06 • Start-up of activities