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Challenges and Solutions in Thoracic Aortic Pathology

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marli
35 diapositives · 469 Views · Jul 14, 2014

Learn about thoracic aortic pathology challenges and solutions, including frequently seen pathologies like aneurysms and dissections, with focus on penetrating ulcers and intramural hematomas. Discover tips for managing thoracic aortic aneurysms and dealing with access issues. Explore endovascular management goals, treatment algorithms for aortic dissections, and solutions for neck problems. Gain insights into surgical debranching techniques, arch repairs, and traumatic transections. Delve into case studies from the Vanderbilt Series and follow-up results of endovascular repair procedures.

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  1. THORACIC AORTIC PATHOLOGY CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS Thomas C. Naslund, M.D. Vanderbilt University Medical Center

  2. CONFLICT OF INTEREST WL Gore Investigator, Speaker, Consultant Boston Scientific Consultant LeMaitre Vascular Scientific Advisory Board

  3. OFF LABEL USE • WL Gore TAG • Cook Zenith • WL Gore Excluder

  4. FREQUENTLY SEEN PATHOLOGY • Aneurysm -fusiform * -saccular (concern for infection) • Aortic Dissection – Type A* and B • Traumatic transection • Penetrating ulcer • Intramural hematoma *labeled use for TAG *surgical management

  5. PENETRATING ULCER

  6. INTRAMURAL HEMATOMA

  7. THORACIC AORTIC ANEURYSM • Atherosclerosis of iliacs • 8-9 mm EI make most TEVAR easy • 7-8 mm EI make some TEVAR difficult • <6 mm EI is a clear danger zone (alternate access) • Dilation with serial dilators if EI normal • KY jelly helps • Extreme caution with dilators and atherosclerosis • Tortuosity of iliacs and TA (arch) • Neck • <2cm in straight distal attachment can work • 2cm with angle in arch will not work

  8. ACCESS FOR THE DISEASED ILIAC • Conduit • Sutured to the CI artery end to side • Complete TEVAR via conduit • Consider anastomosis to CFA after completion • May need secondary intervention • CFA may already be exposed/opened/damaged • Direct CI/Abdominal Aorta Access • Transverse incision over rectus sheath • Retract rectus laterally/RP dissection • CI/terminal aorta easily exposed • Counter puncture in lower quadrant • Direct arterial closure

  9. GOALS OF ENDOVASCULAR MANAGEMENTAcute Type B Aortic Dissection • Redirect flow into true lumen • Cover entire descending thoracic aorta • Provide satisfactory visceral flow • Facilitate aortic healing • Avoid surgical repair

  10. DISSECTION TREATMENT ALGORITHM • Type A- Medical Therapy &Emergency Cardiac Surgery Evaluation • Type B- Medical therapy • Stent graft for complications in acute phase • Stent graft for aneurysm formation in late follow up • Long term follow up for all Type B to assess aneurysm formation/stent graft

  11. NECK PROBLEMS/SOLUTIONS • Big (>36mm) • 45mm TAG in EU • Small (<23mm) • 18-23mm diameter graft • Short (< 2cm) • Debranching/fenestration • Angled (>?) • Specific design/fenestration

  12. LENGTHENING THE NECKCovering Branch Vessels • Left Subclavian • Consider vertebrobasilar circulation • Contralateral vertebral/carotid disease • Celiac • Consider pancreaticoduodenal and gastroduodenal • SMA disease • Coiling typically not needed • Subclavian for Type II leak • Transbrachial • Celiac • Flow robust • Catheterize, cover celiac/trap catheter, coil

  13. SURGICAL DEBRANCHING • Viscerals • Celiotomy • Midline gets all 4 • Left flank gets 3,maybe 4 • Arch • Left subclavian to carotid transposition • Carotid-carotid bypass (retroesophageal) • Aortoinnominant & carotid bypass

  14. ARCH REPAIR

  15. TRAUMATIC TRANSECTION • Deceleration injury • MVA • falls • Sudden movement of aortic arch • Circumferential tear of arterial intima and media • Survivors have intact adventitia and possibly some media

  16. TRAUMATIC TRANSECTION • Innominate artery second most common site

  17. VANDERBILT SERIESOpen Repair 1987 • 41 Patients • 5 Died without repair • 3 preoperatively • 2 en route with emergency thoracotomy • 5/36 Repaired died during operation • 3/5 associated with aortic clamping • 2/36 Paraparesis

  18. TRANSECTION PRE OP MEDICAL MANAGEMENT • Beta Blockade • BP/HR control • Discontinue after repair

  19. STENT GRAFT REPAIR OF TRAUMATIC TRANSECTIONn = 20 • Since 2005 • Age 35 (15 – 72) • Mortality 1/20 (5%) – 72 yo MSOF

  20. STENT GRAFT REPAIR OF TRAUMATIC TRANSECTIONn = 20 • Mean procedure time 103min • Mean blood loss 390ml • Mean intraoperative transfusion 1 unit • Grafts utilized • TAG - 9 • Cook Iliac extenders- 9 • Excluder aortic cuffs - 2

  21. STENT GRAFT REPAIR OF TRAUMATIC TRANSECTIONn = 20 • Technical success 100% • graft exclusion of injured segment • No deaths pre operatively • Operative complications • groin access site – 2 • TAG graft collapse – 2 • spinal cord injury – 0 • dialysis – 0

  22. LATE FOLLOW UP • Erosions – 0 • Endoleaks/aneurysm – 0 • Access site false aneurysm – 0 • Paraplegia – 0 • Secondary interventions – 0

  23. USE OF COOK ILIAC LIMB EXTENDER • Aorta diameter too small for TAG prosthesis (<23mm) • 55 mm length (satisfactorily covers entire area of injury) • Z stent design (no collapse) • Requires manual loading into long sheath to reach aortic arch

  24. ZENITH Delivery and Deployment

  25. USE OF ABDOMINAL AORTIC CUFF EXTENDERS • 33 – 36 mm length • Reported in several series with success • Requires 3 or more individual cuffs to bridge injured region • Requires inventory of substantial numbers of aortic cuffs • Cook, Medtronic, and Gore

  26. TIGHT ARCH • Typical of adolescence and young adults • Implant can either poorly oppose the inner arch and collapse

  27. FOLLOW UP • Interval CT in 1 – 3 days (renal function considerations) • Follow up CT 1 -3 months after discharge • Annual CT • Eventually CT each 3-5 years • Emphasis on permanent life-long follow up

  28. LATE CONCERNS • Erosion • False aneurysm formation • Infections

  29. MINIMAL AORTIC INJURY • Focal-non-circumferential intimal disruption • No false aneurysm • No periaortic hematoma • Suitable for medical therapy and CT follow up rather than intervention • Healing typical in 3-6 months • Persistent fixed lesions identified after 1 year followup