Chapter 11.1

1. Chapter 11.1

2. Ch. 11.1 One American’s Story (PG338) Who is the main orator of the passage? What is the main idea of the passage? When did this take place? Where did this take place? Why is this important today?

3. Main Idea The secession of Southern states caused the North and the South to take up arms

4. Why It Matters Now The nation’s identity was forged in part by the Civil War

5. Terms You’ll Need to Know… Fort Sumter Anaconda Plan Bull Run Stonewall Jackson George McClellan Ulysses S. Grant Shiloh David G. Farragut Monitor v. Merrimack Robert E. Lee Antietam

6. Confederates Fire on Fort Sumter • Confederate soldiers immediately began taking over federal buildings in their states—especially forts • Ft. Sumter in Charleston, SC was crucial to the South

7. Lincoln’s Dilemma • Should he send in troops to reinforce the fort, thus causing more states to secede? • Should he evacuate the fort, thus treating the Confederacy as a legitimate nation? ? ? ?

8. First shots of the Civil War… Jefferson Davis decided that the Confederates fire shots at the men on Ft. Sumter From Ft. Moultrie at 4:30 AM on April 12, 1861 the South captured the fort.

9. View of Charleston Harbor Ft. Sumter

10. Ft. Sumter/ Beginning of Civil War

11. Virginia Secedes Much like 9/11 united Americans to a common enemy and cause, news of Ft. Sumter united the North—when Lincoln asked for 75,000 volunteers to serve—he got much more! Virginia, the most industrialized state, would not fight against other Southern states, and seceded on April 17. Western counties in VA were antislavery, and seceded from the state—they were admitted into the Union as West Virginia 4 remaining slave states (Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, & Missouri) remained in the Union

13. Americans Expect a Short War The Union had many advantages over the Confederacy (factories, food, railroads) The South’s advantages were better generals, and defending their homeland, fighting a defensive battle

14. Anaconda Plan • North’s strategy for winning the war: • Union navy would blockade their ports • Union riverboats would sail down the Mississippi to split the South in two • Capture their capital in Richmond, VA

15. Anaconda Plan

16. Battle of Bull Run • July 21, 1861: First major bloodshed of the Civil War • Union troops marched to capture Richmond, VA • Confed. troops met them at Bull Run Creek • Because of Gen. Stonewall Jackson, the Union troops had to retreat • It was a victory for the South

17. Battle of Bull Run, Manassas, VA.

18. Confederates on Stone Mountain Jefferson Davis Stonewall Jackson Robert E. Lee

19. Union Armies in the West • After the defeat at Bull Run, Pres. Lincoln enlisted more men, and placed Gen. George McClellan in charge of the army • In 1862, Gen. Ulysses S. Grant was able to capture two key Confederate forts: Ft. Henry on Tennessee River, and Ft. Donelson on Cumberland River

20. Shiloh • A month later, Grant pushed toward Shiloh, TN near Mississippi border • Confederate troops ambushed them while sleeping • Grant was able to counterattack and force their retreat • Battle of Shiloh proved that Union plan to divide South might work; showed that this war would be long and bloody

21. Battle of Shiloh, Tennessee

22. Farragut on the Lower Mississippi • Union fleet admiral David G. Farragut was able to sail a fleet down the Mississippi and capture New Orleans, the Confederates largest and busiest port city

23. Ironclad Ships The north’s: Uss monitor The south’s: merrimack (aka css virginia)

25. Battle of the Ironclads • March 8, 1862 the Merrimack attacked 3 Union wooden ships, defeating them all • The Monitor arrived the next day—the battle was a draw, but it marked the end of wooden ships

26. New Weapons • Rifles replaced muskets during the Civil War • The minie ball was used as its bullet

27. New Weapons of the Civil War

28. The War for the Capitals The Anaconda Plan seemed to work in two of its three phases: the Union had put a blockade on Southern ports, and they had split the Confederacy at Miss. River The third part—to capture the capital at Richmond, VA—faltered Gen. McClellan was one reason why—he was too cautious and was nervous to make such a deadly march into Virginia

29. “On to Richmond” Finally, in 1862, McClellan marched toward Richmond The Confederate army under Gen. Joseph Johnson halted their efforts—Johnson was wounded, and Robert E. Lee was put in charge of Confederate army Lee’s unorthodox strategies enabled the South to force McClellan to retreat—now Lee wanted to make a move on Washington DC!

30. Lee & Grant crossing the Potomac • Lee’s forces won the Second Battle of Bull Run on their way toward DC • They crossed to Potomac into Maryland, and were steadily marching toward the capital • But, luck would play a huge part in Lee’s eventual defeat…

31. Antietam • A union soldier found Lee’s plans wrapped in cigars—it revealed the moment when Lee and Jackson had to separate • McClellan aggressively attacked Lee’s army at a creek called Antietam • It is the bloodiest single-day battle still in American history • More than 26,000 died--more than entire war w/ Mexico • South lost ¼ of men • However, McClellan decided not to pursue the Confederate army—war could have ended right there • Lincoln fired McClellan for his mistakes at Antietam

33. 1 S E C T I O N The Civil War Begins ASSESSMENT HOME GRAPH MAP 2. What if Virginia had not seceded from the Union in 1861? Speculate on how this might have affected the course of the war. Support your answer with examples. Think About: • Virginia’s influence on other Southern states •Virginia’s location and its human and material resources •how the North’s military strategy might have been different ANSWER Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee may have decided not to secede from the Union. West Virginia would not have become a new Union State. The Anaconda plan would have been changed. The Union may have won an early victory because of Virginia’s population, iron work, and naval yard.

34. 1 S E C T I O N The Civil War Begins ASSESSMENT HOME GRAPH MAP 3. What do you think were General McClellan’s major tactical errors? ANSWER McClellan’s men were prepared to make an offensive move sooner than the spring of 1862; since his troops outnumbered Lee’s, he should not have backed down at Richmond; he should have planned to attack Lee’s men after their retreat from Antietam.

35. 1 S E C T I O N The Civil War Begins ASSESSMENT HOME GRAPH MAP 4. Do you think Lincoln’s decision to fire McClellan was a good one? Why or why not? ANSWER POSSIBLE RESPONSE: The decision was good because McClellan failed to act decisively when he had a chance to win the war.

36. Chapter 11.2 The Politics of War

37. CH. 11. 2 One American’s Story: Who is the main orator of the passage? What is the main idea of the passage? When did this take place? Where did this take place? Why was this event important?

38. The Politics of War Main Idea… Why it matters now… By issuing the Emancipation Proclamation, President Lincoln made slavery the focus of the war The Proclamation was a first step toward improving the status of African Americans

39. Terms You’ll Need to Know… Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Copperhead Conscription

40. Britain Remains Neutral Since Britain no longer needed the South’s cotton supplies, nor anything from the North, it’s policy was neutrality The Trent Affair tested Britain’s stance—the Confederacy sent two diplomats on the ship Trent to England to negotiate a partnership w/ Britain; when the Union captured the ship and imprisoned the two men, England threatened war, and dispatched 8,000 troops to Canada. Lincoln released the men, and Britain remained neutral

41. Emancipation Proclamation • Lincoln would do anything to save the Union—one way was to give the war a moral cause • Jan. 1, 1863 he issued the Em.Proc., which only applied to Confederate states in rebellion

42. Reaction to the Proclamation The symbolism of the act had an impact across the nation Blacks, who were first denied admittance into the army, could now enlist to fight Many northerners felt that the South would now fight even harder to win the war—which it did With the Proclamation, compromise and a peaceful solution to the war was out of the question

43. Habeas Corpus • When a crowd attacked a Union regiment after Ft. Sumter, Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus —the court order that requires the police to bring the accused to court to determine why they are guilty of a crime • Jefferson Davis also suspended habeas corpus in the CSA

44. Copperheads • Many arrested were Copperheads, Northern Democrats who wanted peace w/ the South • The most famous was Ohio congressman Clement Vallandigham, who urged Union soldiers to desert the army

45. Conscription Both the USA and CSA started w/ volunteer armies, but soon had to turn to drafting soldiers for fighting The CSA drafted white men 18-35 at first, but then changed it to 17-50—those who could afford it hired substitutes to take their place… “It was a rich man’s war, but a poor man’s fight!” The USA drafted white men 20-45, and also allowed draftees to hire substitutes

46. Draft Riots • 1863 in NYC, poor people (many Irish) were upset at being drafted to fight to free slaves that would eventually travel north to take their jobs • July 13-16 riots took place attacking rich men and draft offices

47. Ch. 11.3 Life During Wartime

48. Life During Wartime The Civil War brought about dramatic social and economic changes in American Society The expansion of roles for African Americans and women set the stage for later equalities of opportunity

49. Terms You’ll Need to Know… Ft. Pillow Income Tax Clara Barton Andersonville

50. CH. 11.3 One American’s Story: Who is the main orator of the passage? What is the main idea of the passage? When did this take place? Where did this take place? Why was this important?