Becoming a World Power 1890-1913

1. Becoming a World Power 1890-1913 The Pressure to Expand Ch. 18, Sec. 1

2. Imperialism • Policy by a stronger nation to create an empire by dominating weaker nations economically, politically, culturally, or militarily

3. Pressures for Expansion • 1. Overproduction of food and goods • 2. business and farmers needed new markets • 3. To spread democracy • 4. To spread Christianity • 5. Social Darwinism

4. Vocabulary • Nationalism: devotion to one’s country • Annex: to join or attach • Banana republic: term used to describe a Central American nation dominated by U.S. business interests

5. Reasons for Imperialism • 1. Economic factors: countries needed natural resources such as rubber and petroleum and new markets for manufactured goods due to overproduction • 2. Nationalist factors: competition among nations for empires resulted from nationalism • 3. Military factors: advances in technology and the need for military bases for fuel and supplies • 4. Humanitarian factors: spread Western civilization, including law, medicine, and Christian religion

6. Time Line • 1796: Washington said, “ steer clear of permanent alliances” • 1853: Commodore Matthew C. Perry opened Japan to trade • 1866: 50,000 American soldiers sent to Mexico to stop French from placing an emperor on the throne • 1867: Seward bought Alaska from Russia • 1867: annexed Midway Islands

7. Matthew C. Perry in Japan 1853

8. U. S. Foreign Affairs • Began trade with China in 1860s • Treaty with Hawaii 1870s to sell sugar to the U.S. duty-free • 1913 Minor C. Keith of United Fruit Company dominated the governments of Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Honduras; known as “banana republics” • Growth of U.S. Navy: Alfred T. Mahan wrote The Influence of Sea Power Upon History 1660-1783; stated that economy needed markets abroad; by 1900 the U.S. had a powerful navy

9. U. S. Navy

10. Security: Naval Power • Naval Act 1890: construct battleships, gunboats, torpedo boats, and cruisers • Great White Fleet – one of the most powerful navies in the world

12. United States and Imperialism • Promote economic growth: expand markets for sale of overproduction of goods • Protect American security; Large Navy and need for Pacific bases • Preserve American spirit; social Darwinism

13. Question • What factors influenced the United States government to expand abroad? Write a paragraph in your notes describing the pressures that led to U.S. imperialism. Include a topic sentence and a concluding sentence.

14. The Spanish-American War Ch. 18, Sec. 2

15. Key Words • Arbitration: settlement of a dispute by a person chosen to listen to both sides and come to a decision • Jingoism: intense burst of national pride and desire for an aggressive foreign policy

16. Key Words • Spheres of Influence: areas of economic and political control in China • Open Door Policy: American approach to China, favoring open trade relations between China and others

17. U.S. Involvement in Latin America • Chile: forced Chile to pay money to families of slain U.S. sailors • Brazil: U.S. Navy put down rebellion to protect U.S. business interests

18. Defending the Monroe Doctrine • In a dispute between Britain and Venezuela, the U.S. forced them to go to arbitration to settle the dispute over territory between Venezuela and British Guiana

19. Cuban Rebellion • 1895 Cuba rebelled against Spain • 150,000 Spanish troops under General Valeriano Weyler, “The Butcher,” were sent by Spain to stop the rebellion • Concentration Camps were set up for Cubans; 200,000 Cubans die • Jose Marti: Cuban journalist describes the horrors in Cuba

20. U. S. Position • Cuban rebels attacked sugar plantations and mills to get U.S. help. Business owners increased pressure on the U.S. government to help the Cubans. • American newspapers used “yellow journalism” to get U. S. support for Cuba. The New York World and the New York Morning Journal competed.

21. Causes of War • 1. Explosion of the Maine • 2. Yellow journalism • 3. The de Lome Letter • 4. Sympathy for the Cubans

22. Maine • U.S. battleship U.S.S. Maine blew up and sank in Havana Harbor, killing 250 Americans. • Americans believed that Spain had blown up the ship • (Ships boiler blew up) • Pressure to declare war from American citizens

23. William Randolph Hearst

24. Joseph Pulitzer

25. De Lome Letter • Letter written by ambassador to Washington, Dupuy de Lome, describing President McKinley as “weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd” was stolen and published. • U. S. citizens are angered

26. Battles • May 1, 1898, Admiral George Dewey attacked the Spanish Pacific Fleet in Manila Bay, Philippines • Spanish fleet sunk in seven hours. • U.S. controlled the area

27. Philippines

28. Emilio Aguinaldo • Filipino leader who helped the U.S. contain Spanish troops, hoping for independence • U.S. did not grant independence until 1946

29. Battle in Cuba • Navy attacked the Spanish Atlantic Fleet in Santiago, Cuba, sinking the ships • Land war: Rough Riders, under Theodore Roosevelt charged up San Juan Hill • “A splendid little war” John Hay

31. Treaty of Paris 1898 • Cuba gains independence • U.S. gains Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam as unincorporated territories • U.S. paid Spain $20 million

32. Results of War • The U.S. fought Aguinaldo for three years, resulting in many Filipino deaths; The Philippines remained a U.S. possession until 1946. • Teller Amendment promised that the U.S. would not annex Cuba • Constitution of Cuba 1900

33. Platt Amendment • Cuban government could not enter foreign agreements • Had to give the U.S. two bases (Guantanamo Bay) • U.S. had right to intervene if necessary; in effect until 1934

34. Puerto Rico • No independence • People given citizenship in 1917 • May vote on statehood again in a few years

35. Pacific • Trade agreement – Hawaiian sugar sold duty free in the U.S. • Hawaii: U.S. leased Pearl Harbor -Queen Liliuokalani: pineapple guru Sanford B. Dole removed her from the throne in 1893 -Annexed in 1898 • Samoa: Divided islands with Germany; U.S. got harbor, Pago Pago

36. "Now, children, you've got to learn these lessons whether you want to or not! But just take a look at the class ahead of you, and remember that in a little while, you will be as glad to be here as they are!"

37. Queen Liliuokalani

38. China • Vast market • Spheres of Influence • John Hay developed “Open Door Policy • “Boxer” Rebellion - 1900 rebellion against foreigners; “Righteous and Harmonious Fists”- 300 killed

40. Time Zones • World is divided into 24 time zones • Prime Meridian, which passes through Greenwich, England is Oo longitude • International Date Line is 180o longitude; the calendar date to the east of this line is one day earlier. • Page 526

43. Expansion Under Roosevelt and Taft Chapter 18 Section 3 & 4

44. Presidents of this Era • 25 1897-1901 William McKinley • Garret A. Hobart and Theodore Roosevelt • 26 1901-1909 Theodore Roosevelt • 27 1909-1913 William Howard Taft • 28 1913-1921 Woodrow Wilson • 29 1921-1923 Warren G. Harding • Calvin Coolidge

45. Key Words • Concession: grant for a piece of land in exchange for a promise to use the land for a specific purpose • Dollar diplomacy: encourage investment abroad

46. Key Words • Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: extension of a previously accepted idea 1. Not use the Monroe Doctrine for territorial aggression 2. U.S. intervene to prevent intervention from other powers • Racism: belief that differences in character or intelligence are due to one’s race

47. William McKinley • Reelected in 1900 • Assassinated in 1901 • Vice President Theodore Roosevelt becomes president

48. Theodore Roosevelt’s Foreign Policy • U.S. a world power • Intervenes in the affairs of countries that were of economic and strategic interest • Spanish-American War shows the need for a shorter route between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans

49. The Panama Canal

50. Panama Canal • Isthmus of Panama: belonged to Columbia • Ferdinand de Lesseps bought a concession in 1879 to build a canal. • After 10 years, the company abandoned the project. • Congress passed the Spooner Act in 1902, authorizing the purchase of the French assets for $40 million. • Colombia would not negotiate with the U.S.