THE AGE OF EXPLORATION

1. THE AGE OF EXPLORATION Essential Questions: What was the impact of European contact on Native American cultures? What were the interests of the Spanish, English, and French in the southeast area of North America?

2. SPANISH EXPLORATION Christopher Columbus – 1492 • Sailed for Spanish monarchs, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella in search of westward route to Far East. • Believed he reached the Indes; names the native people Indians. • Although he never sets foot on the mainland of the continent of North America, his voyage opens up the New World for further European exploration.

3. What were the goals of Spanish explorers? • Gold: To acquire riches for themselves and the country they represent. (Some explorers, like Columbus, were not Spanish, but represented Spain. • Glory: To bring power and prestige to Spain. • God: To convert the native people to Christianity.

4. The First G: Gold • Gold was a hot item that explorers were looking for, but remember that it is really wealth, not just literal gold that explorers were after. • Europe needed gold (and silver) to fuel the rising banking system • Europeans also desired spices (Da Gama’s voyage to India made him a 3000% profit!) • Other natural resources would come to be sold for profit as well (timber, sugar, tobacco, ivory, etc.) • This competition will be enhanced by the idea of mercantilism that emerges, the idea that there is only so much wealth in the world, and that to make your kingdom strong you must have more gold and wealth than the other kingdoms

5. The second G: Glory • Just like the first G, Gold, Glory was a relatively new idea in Europe • Came out of the Renaissance ideal of Humanism, and the focus on individual achievement • With the rise of the printing press, the idea of gaining fame for one’s actions was more possible • Also, individual kings wanted glory for their kingdoms, competition spreads The Triumph of Fame, a Flemish tapestry from 1502.

6. The third G: God • Europeans had always seen spreading Christianity as a good thing • Especially after the Reformation, competition will spring up • Colonization will become a race to convert native peoples to a particular brand of Christianity

7. “Dig for Virginia” • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFHym_W6vkE

8. The Amazing Race Through Georgia!

9. In 1540, Spanish explorer Hernando DeSoto (!!!!!!!!) with approximately 600 men, marched north from Tampa, Florida into southwest Georgia (near today’s Albany) in search of Gold. • DeSoto’s metal weapons, plated armor, war dogs, and horses overwhelmed the Native Americans; thousands of Georgia’s Native Americans died, many from diseases (such as Small Pox) brought by the Spaniards. DeSoto also brought pigs to the New World. These pigs were not used for food but were used for protection from reptiles. • The Spaniards marched across Georgia into South Carolina, but never found the gold they sought. Almost half of the expedition (including DeSoto himself) died on the trip.

10. DeSoto’s Exploration of Georgia • Read more about DeSoto’s journeys at these sites: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.com/nge/Article.jsp?path=/HistoryArchaeology/ArchaeologyandEarlyHistory/EarlyHistory/SpanishExploration&id=h-2478 http://www.cviog.uga.edu/Projects/gainfo/gahistmarkers/desotoingeorgiahistmarker.htm

11. Spanish Missions • Mission – Definition: A religious church or station established in a foreign land to allow missionaries to spread their religion. • In 1566, Spain established missions on Georgia’s Cumberland Island and St. Catherine’s Island, called Santa Catalina. During the same century, posts were established at Sapelo and St. Simon’s Island. (BARRIER ISLANDS!!!) • The missions were used by the Spanish to convert the Native Americans to Catholicism but also served as a trading post; Native Americans used the missions to integrate themselves into the European world.

12. Old World Benefits New World Benefits • Agricultural Products – Rye, radishes, beets, sugar cane, rice, peaches, and wheat all came from Europe to the New World. • Animals – Horses, chickens, pigs, oxen, sheep, goats, and cattle all came from Europe to the New World. Many of these animals had negative impacts as they destroyed the ground cover and led to the extinction of some native animals. • Agricultural Products – Corn, white potatoes, yams (sweet potatoes), peanuts, and pumpkins all came from the New World and were taken to Europe. • Animals – Turkeys were brought from the New World and taken to Europe.

13. The poor, poor French… • France began sending explorers to North America in 1562 in search of gold. • French explorers created a colony in South Carolina (Charlesfort in 1562) and Florida (Fort Caroline in 1564) but these were later taken over by the Spainsh.

14. England vs. Spain England, Spain and France competed for control of North America. 1500s-England and Spain fought an undeclared war. English sea captains (PIRATES) raided Spanish ships loaded with New World treasure and attacked Spanish settlements. Returned all their treasure to Queen Elizabeth I John Hawkins, Francis Drake, Richard Greenville Sir Francis Drake “The Pirate”

15. The defeat of the Spanish Armada (1588) King Phillip II(Spain) ordered the assembly of a huge fleet of warships to attack England… ”The Invincible Armada” Defeated by England who had faster ships and better sailors A big storm in the English Channel also wiped out a lot of the Spanish fleet This marked a change in the power of the New World. The route of “The Invincible Armada”

16. Spain loses Power • The defeat of the Invincible Armada was important for several reasons: • England remained independent and Protestant • The world saw that Spain could be beaten—this led the way for other countries to explore. • How did the defeat of the Spanish affect the history of the United States? (conflict and change) • After this defeat, England challenged Spanish claims in North America.

17. What led the English to North America? • Conditions in England • Overpopulation: Caused a lack of economic opportunities; there was a lure of fortune in the New World • English were eager to become colonists due to this possibility of fortune • Richard Hakluyt • English geographer: urged England to start colony in the New World • Explained that colonies would provide a market for English exports • Colonies would also provide raw materials for England’s manufacturing centers • Colonies could establish Protestant faith in the New World

18. Mercantilism • Economic theory: the government controls trade and attempts to transfer wealth from colonies to the parent country. • When has this theory been used in history? • What are some of the consequences (both intended and unintended) of this theory?

19. England’s First Attempts at Exploration • Sir Walter Raleigh • Roanoke Island/Virginia • Only lasted as long as the food supply • Natives refused to help when they realized their land was at stake • Survivors returned to England • Lost all of his money—led to the charter system • John White • Named governor of colony of Roanoke • When the supplies ran out, he returned to England • Came back to Roanoke 3 years later—colony was deserted • ??

20. Georgia Colonization 1686-Spain called the region Guale and Mocama and left the area. 1663-England had also made a claim. 1717-First planned colonial attempt by England Sir Robert Montgomery wanted to create an “Eden” called the “Margravate of Azilia”; it failed (worries of attacks from Spanish and Native Americans) “Margravate of Azilia”

21. Gold, Glory, and God • Read about the motives for Spanish exploration of the “New World” at this site: http://www.floridahistory.org/floridians/conquis.htm

22. Spanish Missions in Georgia • Read about the establishment of Spanish missions in what is today Georgia at http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.com/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-572&sug=yClick on the link for the “List of Spanish Missions” at the right side of this page. Label the missions on St. Simon’s, Cumberland, & St. Catherine’s Islands on your map. http://www.cviog.uga.edu/Projects/gainfo/missions.htm

23. European Rivalry (continued) • http://www.nps.gov/fofr/historyculture/index.htm • http://www.gastateparks.org/fortkinggeorge/ • http://www.nps.gov/timu/historyculture/foca_explorers.htm

24. European Rivalry (continued) • http://www.nps.gov/timu/historyculture/foca_settlement_conflict.htm • http://www.nps.gov/jame/historyculture/index.htm