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Pregnancy

Pregnancy. Intro to Pregnancy. Conception triggers thousands of complex changes Conception occurs 14 days prior to a woman’s next period Pregnancy averages 38 weeks (40 if you count from last menstrual period). Nutrition Basics. Essential Nutrients Nutrients that we must have to survive

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Pregnancy

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  1. Pregnancy

  2. Intro to Pregnancy • Conception triggers thousands of complex changes • Conception occurs 14 days prior to a woman’s next period • Pregnancy averages 38 weeks (40 if you count from last menstrual period)

  3. Nutrition Basics • Essential Nutrients • Nutrients that we must have to survive • Carbohydrates • Amino Acids from Protein • Lipids • Vitamins • Minerals • Water

  4. Eat for YOU • Your diet should be based on the following • Age • Body Size • Gender • Genetic Traits • Growth • Illness • Lifestyle habits • Pregnancy/Lactation

  5. Carbohydrates • Carbs are used as the main energy source • Should be 45-65% of your diet • Simple sugars, Complex carbohydrates, and fiber • Simple Sugars • Mono- and Disaccharides • Easy to break down • Glucose, Sucrose • Sugar, Fruit • Complex Carbohydrates • More complex chemical structures • Starches and Fiber • Diet high in complex carbs, especially fiber helps to lower risks of heart disease

  6. Carbohydrates • Simple Sugars • Fruit • Sugar • Complex Carbohydrates • Vegetables • Bread • Pasta • Rice • CousCous • Tortillas

  7. Amino Acids-Protein • Our bodies use protein to build and repair body tissues • 9 “Essential” Amino Acids can not be synthesized and must come from our diets • Classified as Complete if they have all 9, Incomplete if they do not

  8. Protein • Complete • Soy • Eggs • Meat • Poultry • Fish • Milk • Incomplete • Beans • Nuts • Seeds • Legumes • Grains

  9. Lipids • Fats are solid at room temperature (Saturated) and oils are liquid at room temperature (Unsaturated) • They are composed of chains of Fatty Acids • Concentrated form of energy, yielding 9 Cal/gram • You MUST have Linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid in your diet for your nervous system • Linoleic-vegetable oils, meat • Alph-Linolenic Acid-Dark green vegetables, vegetable oils, flax seed

  10. Vitamins • Chemical substances in food that perform specific functions in the body • 13 have been identified • They do not provide energy • Water Soluble • B-Complex • Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Biotin, Folic Acid, B12, B6, Pantothenic acid • C • Fat-Soluble • A • D • E • K

  11. Minerals • Humans require 15 minerals • Combine with other minerals to form teeth, bones, cartilage • Allow muscles to contract and control the amount of water in the tissues • Calcium • Phosphorus • Magnesium • Iron • Zinc • Fluoride • Iodine • Selenium • Copper • Manganese • Chromium • Molybdenum • Sodium • Potassium • Chloride

  12. Water • You are 60-70% water • You need enough to replace daily losses through perspiration, urination, and exhalation • Males15-16 cups • Females 11 cups • Foods • Water (liquids)

  13. Increased Appetite and Nutrient Stores • Carbohydrates provide the fetal fuel (Glucose) • Bread, potatoes, corn, cereal, rice, pasta • Protein is needed in increased amounts during pregnancy to allow for the synthesis of new maternal and fetal tissues • Meat, beans, nuts, seeds • Fetus is not a Parasite • Energy (Calorie) requirements increase because of increases in maternal body mass and fetal growth • 2nd trimester +340 Cal • 3rd Trimester +460 Cal

  14. Nutrient Needs • MyPlate • www.choosemyplate.gov • Pay Special Attention to: • Iron • Meat, Tofu, Cereals • Calcium • Milk, Soymilk, Nuts, Green vegetables, • Vitamin D • Milk, Soymilk, Sun • Vitamin B12 • Cereal, Soymilk • Folic Acid • Bread, Cereals

  15. Meal Planning Requirements • Planning Meals requires thought and effort • Plan for Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner and 2 snacks/day • Breakfast: • Protein • Carbohydrate • Fruit • Lunch: • Protein • Carbohydrate • Fruit • Vegetable • Dairy • Dinner: • Carbohydrate • Vegetable • Dairy • Snacks: • Pick up the food group lacking • Think about: • Color • Texture • Health • Smell

  16. Meal Planning • You plan a meal for a pregnant woman • Choose a meat-eater, vegetarian or vegan • 5’11” • 190 lbs • Due Date: 05/25/2011 • 30-60 minutes of activity • Check it on www.choosemyplate.gov

  17. Essential Questions • What are the physiological changes that pregnant women experience? • Why does the placenta develop before the fetus? • What are some of the important nutrients during pregnancy?

  18. Pregnancy Term

  19. Physiology • Changes during pregnancy happens in a specific sequence • Volume of Blood (Plasma) • Hormonal Changes • Increased Appetite • Building up Nutrient Stores • Placental Growth

  20. Body Water Changes • A woman’s body gains about 2 ½ gallons of fluid during pregnancy • Volume of Plasma • Is considered the reason that women feel so tired at the beginning of pregnancy • To support fetal growth • Amniotic Fluid • The fluid that surrounds and protects the fetus

  21. Hormonal Changes • Changes during pregnancy are regulated by the hormones Progesterone and Estrogen • They are created by the Placenta • They are responsible for • mood swings • nausea, vomiting • nesting, listlessness • lethargy • Tender, swollen breasts • Cravings or distaste for certain foods

  22. Placenta Growth • Placenta comes from the Latin word for “cake” • Functions: • Hormone and Enzyme Production • Nutrient and Gas Exchange • Removal of Waste • Structure • Double layer of cells separates • Acts as a barrier not to all harmful substances • Blocks: Bacteria and Protein • Doesn’t Block: Alcohol, Nicotine, Drugs, Viruses, Parasites • Governs the rate of passage back and forth

  23. Placenta

  24. Fetal Growth and Development

  25. Nutrition for Growth and Development • Nutrition is especially important during the time before a woman expects to become pregnant. • It is not possible to “drop back” and redo growth and development that failed during previous stages • A fetus’s proper growth and development depends on proper nutrition

  26. Month 1 • Days 1-8 the cells (called a zygote at this point) are dividing and working to form a 250 celled blastocyst • The cell differentiation begins • The embryo implants in the uterine wall to feed on glucose • Placenta is working • ¼ inch long with a “head,” trunk, arms, and heart is beating. Spinal cord and brain present

  27. Month 2 • Has organs, mouth, hands and arms • Has its own blood and blood is circulating • Umbilical cord develops • ½ inch long • About 25% of all blastocysts and embryos are lost before the end of this month (sometimes you don’t even know you were pregnant)

  28. Month 3 • Embryo is now called a fetus • Sperm or eggs are beginning to form • Movement Begins • Breathes in amniotic fluid

  29. Month 4 • Weighs about 6 oz • Skin is transparent • Can suck thumb • Placenta is about 3 inches in diameter • Can feel baby move

  30. Month 5 • Weighs about a pound • Looks more human than alien • Skeleton begins to calcify • Has patterns of wake and sleep • Hair is growing

  31. Month 6 • 14 inches long • Teeth buds form • Baby can react to external sounds and hear your voice • Baby is considered viable (can live if born now) • Organs are formed but are not fully functional

  32. Month 7 • Gains ½ to 1 ounce per day • Fat and muscle begins to redistribute and build up • Only lungs are left to develop fully • Eyes are fully formed

  33. Month 8 • Gaining 1 oz/day • All 5 senses working • Baby will not move as much because there is not much room left • Antibodies are being transferred to baby

  34. Month 9 • Storing vitamins and minerals • Drops into the birth canal • Lungs are fully developed • Placenta weighs about 1 ½ lbs at birth

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