ELECTRONICS

1. ELECTRONICS Cross 11, Tapovan Enclave Nalapani Road, Dehradun 248001 Email: info@iskd.inContact : +918979066357, +919027669947

2. INDEX

3. ELECTRONICS The branch of physics and technology concerned with the design of circuits using transistors and microchips, and with the behavior and movement of electrons in a semiconductor, conductor, vacuum, or gas. Electronics deals with electrical circuits that involve active electrical components such as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes, integrated circuits, optoelectronics and sensors, associated passive electrical components, and interconnection technologies. Commonly, electronic devices contain circuitry consisting primarily or exclusively of active semiconductors supplemented with passive elements such a circuit is described as an electronic circuit.

5. What is considered electronics Main consumer electronics products include radio receivers, television sets, MP3 players, video recorders, DVD players, digital cameras, camcorders, personal computers, video game consoles, telephones and mobile phones. What are Basic Electronics? Basic electronics comprises the minimal “electronics components” that make up a part of everyday electronics equipment. These electronic components include resistors, transistors, capacitors, diodes, inductors and transformers. Powered by a battery, they are designed to work under certain physics laws and principles.

6. Electronics is widely used in information processing, telecommunication, and signal processing. The ability of electronic devices to act as switches makes digital information-processing possible. Interconnection technologies such as circuit boards, electronics packaging technology, and other varied forms of communication infrastructure complete circuit functionality and transform the mixed electronic components into a regular working system, called an electronic system; examples are computers or control systems. An electronic system may be a component of another engineered system or a standalone device.

8. How do Electronics Work These are the simplest components in any circuit. Their job is to restrict the flow of electrons and reduce the current or voltage flowing by converting electrical energy into heat. Resistors come in many different shapes and sizes. What is Difference between electrical and electronics The main difference between electrical and electronic circuits is that electrical circuits have no decision making(processing) capability, whilst electronic circuits do. Most electronic components are very small, and require small direct current (DC) voltages.

9. What is difference between electrical & electrical devices The major difference between the electrical and electronic devices is that the electrical devices convert the electrical energy into the other form of energy like heat, light, sound, etc. whereas the electronic device controls the flow of electrons for performing the particular task. Who is the father of Electronics Michael Faraday: Father of Electronics. Charles Ludwig retells Michael Faraday's remarkable life story in fictionalized form. Here is the father of the electric motor, the dynamo, the transformer, the generator

10. Analogue & Digital Electronics Analogue electronics (American English: analog electronics) are electronic systems with a continuously variable signal, in contrast to digital electronics where signals usually take only two levels. ... The word analogue is derived from the Greek word ανάλογος (analogos) meaning "proportional“ What are Transistors & Capacitors Transistors are a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals. Inductors are passive electrical devices in electrical circuits for their property of inductance. While a capacitor opposes changes in voltage, an inductor opposes changes in current

11. Basic components of Electronics Electrical current, voltage, resistance, capacitance, and inductance are a few of the basic elements of electronics and radio. Apart from current, voltage, resistance, capacitance, and inductance, there are many other interesting elements to electronic technology. Benefits of Electronics Benefits of Using Devices. For children younger than preschool age, electronic devices may help to stimulate the senses and imagination. Some use may help to promote listening ability, learning sounds, and speech. Electronic devices and games may encourage cognitive learning and the development of analytical skills.

12. Branches of electronics Digital Electronics Digital electronics  are electronics that operate on digital signals . Digital techniques are helpful because it is a lot easier to get an electronic device to switch into one of a number of known states than to accurately reproduce a continuous range of values. Analouge Electronics Analogue electronics are electronic systems with a continuously variable signal, in contrast to digital electronics where signals usually take only two levels. The term "analogue" describes the proportional relationship between a signal and a voltage or current that represents the signal. Micro Electronic Microelectronics relates to the study and manufacture of very small electronic designs and components. Usually, but not always, this means micrometer -scale or smaller. These devices are typically made from semiconductor materials. These include transistors, capacitors, inductors, resistors, diodes

13. Circuit Design The process of circuit design can cover systems ranging from complex electronic systems all the way down to the individual transistors within an integrated circuit. Integrated Circuits An integrated circuit  (also referred to as an IC, a chip, or a microchip) is a set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece (or "chip") of semiconductor material that is normally silicon. Power Electronics Power electronics is the application of solid-state electronics to the control and conversion of electric power. Opto Electronics Optoelectronics (or optronics) is the study and application of electronic devices and systems that source, detect and control light, usually considered a sub-field of photonics. In this context, light often includes invisible forms of radiation such as gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet and infrared.

14. Semiconductor Devices Semiconductor devices are electronic components that exploit the electronic properties of semiconductor material, principally silicon, germanium, and gallium arsenide, as well as organic semiconductors. Semiconductor devices have replaced thermionic devices (vacuum tubes) in most applications. Embedded Systems An embedded system is a controller programmed and controlled by a real-time operating system (RTOS) with a dedicated function within a larger electrical system, often with real-time computing constraints.It is embedded as part of a complete device often including hardware and mechanical parts. Embedded systems control many devices in common use today. Ninety-eight percent of all microprocessors manufactured are used in embedded systems

15. Analogue circuits Most analogue electronic appliances, such as radio receivers, are constructed from combinations of a few types of basic circuits. Analogue circuits use a continuous range of voltage or current as opposed to discrete levels as in digital circuits. Analogue circuits are sometimes called linear circuits although many non-linear effects are used in analogue circuits such as mixers, modulators, etc. Good examples of analogue circuits include vacuum tube and transistor amplifiers, operational amplifiers and oscillators. One rarely finds modern circuits that are entirely analogue. These days analogue circuitry may use digital or even microprocessor techniques to improve performance. This type of circuit is usually called "mixed signal" rather than analogue or digital.

16. Digital Circuits Digital circuits are electric circuits based on a number of discrete voltage levels. Digital circuits are the most common physical representation of Boolean algebra, and are the basis of all digital computers. To most engineers, the terms "digital circuit", "digital system" and "logic" are interchangeable in the context of digital circuits. Most digital circuits use a binary system with two voltage levels labeled "0" and "1". Often logic "0" will be a lower voltage and referred to as "Low" while logic "1" is referred to as "High". A digital circuit is a circuit where the signal must be one of two discrete levels. Each level is interpreted as one of two different states (for example, on/off, 0/1, true/false). Digital circuits use transistors to create logic gates in order to perform Boolean logic.Computers, electronic clocks, and programmable logic controllers (used to control industrial processes) are constructed of digital circuits. Digital signal processors are another example.

18. Difference Between analogue and digital circuits Analog and digital circuits are used to transmit and process the information like sound, light from an environment to generate continuous variable signals. To get the outputs, analog circuits can directly give the signals while a digital circuit has to change the information back to an analog signal. • Analog circuits operate on analog signals commonly known as continuous valued signals • Digital circuits function on signals that exist simply at 2 levels, i.e. Zeros and ones • The designing of an analog circuit is difficult since every component has to be positioned by hand for designing the circuits • Digital circuits are very simple to design since the technique of an automation can be useful at a variety of levels of circuit design. • Analog circuits are typically routine made and they don’t have flexibility • Digital circuits have a high degree of elasticity

20. Components of Circuit The 3 main parts of an electric circuit and their functions are Power source - Either electrical or battery, provides the power to the load. Load - The device using the electricity such as a computer, light bulb, power saw, etc

21. Electronic devices & Components An electronic component is any physical entity in an electronic system used to affect the electrons or their associated fields in a manner consistent with the intended function of the electronic system. Components are generally intended to be connected together, usually by being soldered to a printed circuit board (PCB), to create an electronic circuit with a particular function (for example an amplifier, radio receiver, or oscillator). Components may be packaged singly, or in more complex groups as integrated circuits. Some common electronic components are capacitors, inductors, resistors, diodes, transistors, etc. Components are often categorized as active (e.g. transistors and thyristors) or passive

22. Electronic system Design Electronic systems design deals with the multi-disciplinary design issues of complex electronic devices and systems, such as mobile phones and computers. The subject covers a broad spectrum, from the design and development of an electronic system (new product development) to assuring its proper function, service life and disposal.[12] Electronic systems design is therefore the process of defining and developing complex electronic devices to satisfy specified requirements of the user.

23. Understanding basic Electronics Electricity There are two types of electrical  signals , those being alternating current (AC), and direct current (DC).With alternating current, the direction electricity flows throughout the circuit is constantly reversing. You may even say that it is alternating direction. The rate of reversal is measured in Hertz, which is the number of reversals per second. So, when they say that the US power supply is 60 Hz, what they mean is that it is reversing 120 times per second (twice per cycle).With Direct Current, electricity flows in one direction between power and ground. In this arrangement there is always a positive source of voltage and ground (0V) source of voltage. 

24. Speaking of voltage, electricity is typically defined as having a voltage and a current rating. Voltage is obviously rated in Volts and current is rated in Amps. For instance, a brand new 9V battery would have a voltage of 9V and a current of around 500mA (500 milliamps).Electricity can also be defined in terms of resistance and watts.

25. Circuits A circuit is a complete and closed path through which electric current can flow. In other words, a closed circuit would allow the flow of electricity between power and ground. An open circuit would break the flow of electricity between power and ground . Anything that is part of this closed system and that allows electricity to flow between power and ground is considered to be part of the circuit.

27. Resistance Resistance is the measure of opposition to electric current. A short circuit is an electric circuit offering little or no resistance to the flow of current. Short circuits are dangerous with high voltage power sources because the high currents encountered can cause large amounts of heat energy to be released.

29. Basic Components

30. Resistors Resistors add resistance to the circuit and reduces the flow of electrical current.

31. Capacitors A capacitor is a component that stores electricity and then discharges it into the circuit when there is a drop in electricity . Capacitors are measured in Farads.

32. Diodes Diodes are components which are polarized. They only allow electrical current to pass through them in one direction. This is useful in that it can be placed in a circuit to prevent electricity from flowing in the wrong direction

33. Transistors A transistor takes in a small electrical current at its base pin and amplifies it such that a much larger current can pass between its collector and emitter pins. The amount of current that passes between these two pins is proportional to the voltage being applied at the base pin.There are two basic types of transistors, which are NPN and PNP. These transistors have opposite polarity between collector and emitter.

34. Integrated Circuits An integrated circuit is an entire specialized circuit that has been miniaturized and fit onto one small chip with each leg of the chip connecting to a point within the circuit. These miniaturized circuits typically consist of components such as transistors, resistors, and diodes

35. Potentiometers Potentiometers are variable resistors. They have some sort of knob or slider that you turn or push to change resistance in a circuit. If you have ever used a volume knob on a stereo or a sliding light dimmer, then you have used a potentiometer.

36. LEDs LED stands for light emitting diode. It is basically a special type of diode that lights up when electricity passes through it. Like all diodes, the LED is polarized and electricity is only intended to pass through in one direction.

37. Switches A switch is basically a mechanical device that creates a break in a circuit. When you activate the switch, it opens or closes the circuit. This is dependent on the type of switch it is.Normally open (N.O.) switches close the circuit when activated.Normally closed (N.C.) switches open the circuit when activated

38. Batteries A battery is a container which converts chemical energy into electricity. To over-simplify the matter, you can say that it "stores power."

39. Breadboards Breadboards are special boards for prototyping electronics. They are covered with a grid of holes, which are split into electrically continuous rows.

40. Wire In order to connect things together using a breadboard, you either need to use a wire.Wires are nice because they allow you to connect things without adding virtually no resistance to the circuit. This allows you to be flexible as to where you place parts because you can connect them together later with wire. It also allows you to connect a part to multiple other parts.

41. Charge Electric charge is the physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field. There are two types of electric charges positive and negative (commonly carried by protons and electrons respectively). Like charges repel and unlike attract Voltage Voltage is what makes electric charges move. It is the 'push' that causes charges to move in a wire or other electrical conductor.  Current Current is the flow of electrical charge carriers like electrons. One ampere of current is defined as one coulomb of electrical charge moving past a unique point in a second. Electric current is widely used in household and industrial appliances.

42. Electric Power Electric power is the rate, per unit time, at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric circuit. The SI unit of power is the watt, one joule per second. Electric power is usually produced by electric generators, but can also be supplied by sources such as electric batteries. Conductors An electrical conductor is a substance in which electrical charge carriers, usually electrons, move easily from atom to atom with the application of voltage. Copper, steel, gold, aluminum, and brass are also good conductors. Inductors The inductor is a passive component which stores the electrical energy in the magnetic field when the electric current passes through it. Or we can say that the inductor is an electrical device which possesses the inductance.