Week of 4/29/13

1. Week of 4/29/13 Mrs. Tate D110 EOC Review Week

2. 4-29-13 Monday Biology • Demonstrate an understanding of the structure and function of biomolecules. • Test: Body Systems • Notes: Biomolecules ( students completed a graphic organizer) • Quiz: Biomolecules • Reminders: • Projects due May 1st • Extra Credit Due tomorrow • Check Your Grades • Turn in Endocrine/Skin Worksheet !!!!

3. Biomolecules • The Building Blocks of Life • TEK Bio 9A

4. Biomolecules are Organic Molecules • Molecules containing Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and often Oxygen. • They make up living organisms • Examples: Methane (CH4) Glucose (C6H12O6) are all organic molecules

5. Biomolecules • Basic Molecule: Proteins, Carbohydrates (sugars), Lipids (Fats), Nucleic Acid (DNA, RNA) • Macromolecule: Large molecules of the above that can be broken down. • Ex. Starch into sugar

6. Biomolecules • Subunits: The smaller molecules that are the building blocks of macro molecules • Sugars that make up starch or cellulose • Amino Acids that make up Proteins • Fatty acids and glycerol make up lipids

7. So….What is the difference between a monomer and a polymer?????

8. Carbohydrates • Made of: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms • Job: provide living things with energy • Examples: sugars and starches (corn, rice, potato, bread)

9. Carbohydrate DRAW THIS MOLECULE Of GLUCOSE • Simple vs. Complex sugars • Simple sugars: • Monosaccharide: • “One” “Sugar” • We will focus on glucose: C6H1206 • The basic source of organism energy

10. Simple Sugars:Carbohydrates • Simple Sugars: • Disaccharide • “Two” “Sugars” • Examples: • Table sugar: sugars= • Glucose + Fructose • Maltose= • Glucose + Glucose

11. Complex Sugars:Polysaccharide • “many sugars” Complex Sugar. • Functions: Cells use them for energy and structure. • They allow organisms to gradually use energy since it is stored in a large structure. (like the Bank)

12. Complex Sugars:Polysaccharide • Starch : has thousands of glucoses (sugars) bonded together ………Thousands

13. Complex Sugars:Polysaccharides • Cellulose: Makes up the walls of plant cells. Also made from glucose. • Ruminants (cattle, sheep) can digest both cellulose and glucose. • Humans can digest starch, but not cellulose • WHY??????????

15. Polysaccharides • Glycogen: Animals store carbohydrates (glucose) in the form of glycogen; similar in form to starch. Why???? • This is why… • This is our reserve energy • Stored in liver and muscles • We do not want to lose our carbs all at once!!

16. Proteins • Made of: Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen, and other atoms • Job: Many different jobs in our bodies

17. Proteins • Made of Amino Acid Chains • Amino Acids are bonded through a peptide bond

18. Each ball is An Amino Acid. Bonded by Peptide Bonds There are 20 Amino Acids

19. There are 20 different occurring amino acids

20. Protein Function • Building material: muscle, hair, fingernails • Enzymes: Help with chemical reaction in the cells and body (catalyst) • Immunity: make up antibodies • Other specific functions such as Hemoglobin: carry O2 in red blood cells

21. Examples of Protein StructuresThe shape of protein is important to its function. Enzyme: Quaternary Structure

22. Polymer

23. Lipids • Made of: long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms (with some oxygen). • Examples: fats, waxes and oils (butter, cheese, oil)

24. Lipids (Fats) • A common lipid is made of 3 fatty acids chains connected to a glycerol

25. Lipids (Fats) • Glycerol: a type of alcohol. The back bone of Fats. • 3 Fatty acid chains: Long chains of C & H • Saturated=as many C & H bonded as possible (Solid at Room Temp.) • Unsaturated= C and C bonds can be double (usually Liquid at Room Temp.)

26. Lipids (Fats) Functions • The main energy storing molecule because of the high # of carbon to carbon bonds. Why are bonds important? • …because they Store chemical energy • Lipids store more energy than any other biomolecule • 9 Cal/gram = lipids • 4 Cal/gram = carbohydrates and proteins

27. Lipids (Fats) Functions • Insulate and protect • Main molecule of the Cell membrane • Make up some hormones (testosterone)

28. Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fat

29. Nucleic Acids • Made of: Phosphorous, Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Hydrogen atoms • Job: Store genetic information; aids in protein synthesis ( transcription and translation) • Examples: DNA, RNA

30. Nucleotide

31. DNA vs. RNA

32. Polymer

33. Review Questions • What type of bond connects Amino Acids? • What are lipids composed of? • What are three of the macromolecules of carbohydrates? What is the sugar subunit? • What are the four types of elements that make up biomolecules?

34. Okay, Quiz Time!!!!!!

35. Biology Practice 9AMultiple ChoiceIdentify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. • ____ 1. Which of the following does NOT describe a polymer? • a. Polymers are made of monomers. • b. Polymers are large molecules. • c. Polymers usually form by covalent bonding. • d. Polymers are broken down by the process of hydrogenation. • ____ 2. What are the basic building blocks of proteins? • a. nucleic acids c. amino acids • b. peptide bonds d. glycerol and fatty acids

36. 3. Which of the following macromolecules are a prominent part of animal tissues that function in • insulation, helping animals conserve heat? • a. Carbohydrates c. Proteins • b. Lipids d. Nucleic acids • 4. Which of the following is a primary function of a lipid? • a. To deliver messages between cells. • b. To assist in chemical reactions within cells. • c. To transport oxygen through the body. • d. To provide long-term storage of energy.

37. 5. Which of the following categories of organic molecules is correctly paired with one of its • functions? • a. nucleic acids—digest dead cells • b. lipids—give quick energy to cells • c. carbohydrates—store genetic information • d. proteins—provide structure in skin, hair, and nails

38. Cancer….Mitosis uncontrolled…. • A disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of the body OR A malignant growth or tumor resulting from such a division of cells.

39. Review Questions • 1. Which is a characteristic of cancer? • a. rapid and uncontrolled cell growth • b. cell growth delayed at the G1 checkpoint. • c. cell growth delayed at the G2 checkpoint. • d. damage to a cell’s cytoplasm

40. 2. Cancer is a disorder in which some cells have lost the ability to control their • a. size. • b. spindle fibers. • c. growth rate. • d. surface area.

41. 4-30-13 Demonstrate an understanding of the structure, function, and characteristics of viruses. • Notes ( Cornell Style) • Quiz ( with your desk mates) • Grade Quiz • Reminders: Turn in extra credit, projects due tomorrow, keep up with review notes ( due with next journal check!!!)

42. VIRUSES TAKS Objective 3 TEKS 4C

43. Virus • They are parasitesthat only replicate when they enter a host cell.

44. VIRUS Particle made up of nucleic acid, proteins and in some cases lipids that can replicate ONLY by infecting living cells

45. Viruses Continued • Viruses contain- • Nucleic Acids • RNA • DNA • -or-Proteins • -or-Lipids • Capsid- Outer covering of all viruses • Viruses- • size ≤ 1/100th of a prokaryotic cell • not made of cells • no metabolism by themselves

46. CAPSID • Outer protein coat of a virus • Viruses enter a living cell because the proteins of the capsid bind to the cell’s membrane. Once inside the cell the virus replicates and the host cell is eventually destroyed.

47. QUESTION 1 Do all viruses contain DNA as their nucleic acid?

48. Answer: • No • There are three common types of viruses- • DNA viruses • RNA viruses • Prions(Protein agents that cause disease)

49. DNA Virus RNA Virus

50. Prions are viral infections that affect the shape of proteins. Once infected, the protein changes from it’s unique shape to what they prion dictates.