Understanding Gas Exchange and the Respiratory System

1. Gas Exchange By: Cody Clanin Sam Arthurs

2. The Respiratory System

3. Respiratory system glossary Bronchi: The two main air passages into the lungs.Diaphragm: The main muscle used for breathing; separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity.Epiglottis: A flap of cartilage that prevents food from entering the trachea (or windpipe).Esophagus: The tube through which food passes from the mouth down into the stomach.Heart: The muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body.

4. Respiratory system glossary Intercostal muscles: Thin sheets of muscle between each rib that expand (when air is inhaled) and contract (when air is exhaled).Larynx: Voice box.Lungs: The two organs that extract oxygen from inhaled air and expel carbon dioxide in exhaled air.Muscles attached to the diaphragm: These muscles help move the diaphragm up and down for breathing.

5. Respiratory system glossary Nasal cavity: Interior area of the nose; lined with a sticky mucous membrane and contains tiny, surface hairs called cilia.Nose hairs: Located at the entrance of the nose, these hairs trap large particles that are inhaled.Paranasal sinuses: Air spaces within the skull.Pharynx: The throat.

6. Respiratory system glossary Pleural membrane: Covering the lung and lining the chest cavity, this membrane has 2 thin layers.Pulmonary vessels: Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the heart and lungs; pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood back to the heart.Respiratory center: Area of the brain that controls breathing.Ribs: Bones attached to the spine and central portion of the breastbone, which support the chest wall and protect the heart, lungs, and other organs in the chest.Trachea: Tube through which air passes from the nose to the lungs (also known as the windpipe).

7. Evolution of Respiration Protists: diffusion through skin Cnidarians: diffusion through skin Annelids, Nematodes, Flatworms: diffusion through skin

8. Evolution of Respiration Mollusks: breathe through gills Echinoderms: water vascular system Arthropods: (sea dwellers) gills, (land)-trachea

9. Evolution of Respiration Vertebrates: lungs or gills

10. Respiratory Surface Area • Three things needed: • a big respiratory surface area (such as gills or lungs) • a way for ventilating the respiratory surface area • a circulatory system to move the gas throughout the rest of the body

11. Respiratory Surface Area • Simplest respiration surface is the skin • amphibians get almost all of their gas exchange through their skin • nearly all animals gain some gas exchange  through diffusing through the skin

12. Percent of Respiration Through Skin

13. Respiratory Surface Area • Very small animals can do the necessary gas exchange using diffusion through their skin.

14. Respiratory Surface Area • Bigger animals need to diffuse gases through their skin and use internal tissues such as lungs or gills.

15. Gills! • Are split into thin layers of tissue • H2O enters through mouth, exits through layers of gills • O2 from water diffuses into capillaries • Blood flows opposite of the water flow

16. Paired Lungs! • Evolved from tiny pouches in the gut • Aquatic tetrads were essential in the transition from gills to lungs • Capillaries lace around lungs and circulates oxygen throughout body

17. Paired Lungs! • Carbon dioxide removal is necessary for maintaining a proper pH level in the bloodstream

18. Gas Exchange and Breathing Videos • http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/anatomyvideos/000059.htm • http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/anatomyvideos/000018.htm

19. Controls of… • Neurons of the Medullary center set the pace for inhalation • Control centers maintain the partial pressure of O2 and CO2 • Chemoreceptors detect shifts in pH and signal the Medullary centers for regulation Respiration!

20. WHY?...So we can live! • So that too much oxygen or carbon dioxide buildup does not occur in the bloodstream

21. Genetic Disorders and Diseases Asthma-severe allergic reaction that cause the bronchioles to contract. Treated with inhalers, breathing machines, anti-inflammatory drugs. Bronchitis – alveoli swell and clog with mucous and bronchioles swell. Treated with antibiotics, breathing machines, OTC cough suppressants. Emphysema – lungs lose elasticity, alveoli are damaged, can not be cured.

22. Genetic Disorders and Diseases Pneumonia – alveoli filled with fluid. Treated with antibiotics. Lung cancer – tumors in the lungs interrupt breathing. Treated with surgery, chemotherapy, radiation. COPD- aka emphysema and chronic bronchitis, is a very serious disease, and the fourth leading cause of death in the United States. Treated with medication, rehabilitation, and sometimes surgery.

23. Bibliography • "Breathing - Anatomy Video: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia." National Library of Medicine - National Institutes of Health. Web. 12 Apr. 2011. <http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/anatomyvideos/000018.htm>. • "Gas Exchange - Anatomy Video: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia." National Library of Medicine - National Institutes of Health. Web. 12 Apr. 2011. <http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/anatomyvideos/000059.htm>. • Lungs. Web. <http://www.lungusa.org/lung-disease/copd/>. • "Respiration." Web. <http://cwx.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/martini10/chapter24/custom2/deluxe-content.html>. • "Respiratory System." American Medical Association - Physicians, Medical Students & Patients (AMA). Web. 12 Apr. 2011. <http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/physician-resources/patient-education-materials/atlas-of-human-body/respiratory-system-structure.page>. • "Respiratory System Function." National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Web. 12 Apr. 2011. <http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/hlw/hlw_respsys.html>.