1 / 45

Chapter 13 Pages 417-462

Chapter 13 Pages 417-462. Worlds Quickest Personality Test. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kHF0VXPanU8 1min 27. But what does personality mean?.

max
Télécharger la présentation

Chapter 13 Pages 417-462

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Chapter 13 Pages 417-462

  2. Worlds Quickest Personality Test http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kHF0VXPanU8 1min 27

  3. But what does personality mean? Personality: a relatively stable set of characteristics specific to an individual that determine how that individual acts and behaves when they are alone, or in a group. • You all have a personality unique to you. Careful Loving Strong Independent Funny

  4. Key terms • Temperament: the way we react to situations. For example are you impatient when waiting in line. If you are you may be described as being hot tempered. If you are calm and easy going you may consider yourself to have a mild temperament. This is known to be genetic. • Mood: how you feel on a particular day. This can change depending on the circumstances. Used to explain the reason for our behaviour • Character: the sum total of all the traits that show the true nature of the person. She has a dodgy character. Or he has a strong character.

  5. Is personality due to genes or environment?

  6. Personality • Kagan’s research on twins suggests that although environmental influences are very important in shaping personality, heredity exerts a strong influence.

  7. Psychodynamic theory Sigmund Freud: theorist who believed that your childhood experiences shape your personality. Emphasised inner conflict and tension. • Talking cure to treat hysteria • Interpretation of dreams Psychoanalysis: method of psychotherapy that explores unconscious conflicts and emotional problems.

  8. Freud’s structure of personality • The internal dialogue we have with ourselves is made up of three components • ID: innate biological needs which we are all born with. Driven by the libido (physical energy) and is impulsive“i want the last slice of chocolate cake” • EGO: part of the personality that maintains balance between our impulses (ID) and our conscience (superego). Voice of reason “ ill have a small piece of cake but ill go for a run afterwards” • SUPEREGO: moral part of personality representing the standards of society passed onto the child by the parent. “you shouldn’t eat the cake, its not polite to take the last piece”

  9. Freud’s structure of personality • Personality also has three sections. • Conscious: all the thoughts we are aware of right now. On top of the surface. • Preconscious: all our thoughts, memories and feelings that we aren’t immediately aware of but we can easily access it. Just below the surface. • Unconscious/subconscious: the dumping ground for all our thoughts, memories and feelings. Things that are unacceptable or upsetting for the conscious mind. Way below the surface. Can only be brought up to consciousness by a trained psychoanalyst.

  10. Freud’s structure of personality

  11. Psychosexual Stages of Development • Using the text book, pages 429-431 complete the handout on Freud’s stages of development. • Complete on the handout or re-write in your books.

  12. Defence Mechanisms In order to protect ourselves from disturbing or troubling thoughts out EGO uses defence mechanisms. Defence Mechanisms: Part of psychoanalytic theory. Behaviours we adopt in order to modify our thoughts or mute anxiety producing thoughts. These are natural reactions Page 432.

  13. Free Association and Dream Theory • Psychoanalysts help clients discover their defence mechanisms , which helps them understand the reason for their behaviour. They do this through free association and dream analysis. • Free association: where the client talks about the first thing that pops into their head when presented with a stimulus. The psychoanalyst then interprets the deeper meaning of their statements. • Dream analysis: dreams can reveal the contents of our unconscious mind. Dreams contain all the content that is unacceptable to our waking conscious mind. Dreams consist of: Manifest content: parts of the dream that we remember. Latent content: the true meaning on the manifest content.

  14. Psychodynamic Approach to Personality

  15. Humanistic Approach Carl Rogers

  16. Humanistic Theory • Carl Rogers: emphasised free will and choice. We all have different perspectives of the world unique to us. We assume the best of people’s intentions. We can all strive towards goodness and self actualisation. Self Actualisation: the innate tendency we have towards personal growth to reach out full potential if given the right conditions. For this to occur then the structure of personality must be congruent (in harmony/ agreement) Conditions of self worth: according to Roger’s humanistic theory these are the views of others (parents) that we use to establish our experience

  17. Humanistic theory in a nutshell. If there is a difference between how we actually are (actual self) and how others perceive us (self concept) then we are incongruent. This can cause us to be unhappy therefore we will not reach our ideal self (self actualisation) This is when a therapist can help you..... Client centred therapy: there are 4 concepts that surround the role of the therapist. • Unconditional positive regard: believe the client is essentially good to make them feel more comfortable in disclosing information. • Non judgemental attitude: doesn’t judge otherwise the client will not disclose information • Disclosure: therapist discloses information about themselves. • Reflection: reflect and restate the clients statements in another way.

  18. Lets try activity 13.9 Question 5 I need a volunteer!!!!!!!!!!

  19. Humanistic Approach to Personality

  20. Trait Theories: Theories which attempt to explain personality in terms of groups of traits that are possessed by the individual.

  21. Trait Theories Hans J. Eysenck • He developed the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) which are still used today. • He developed the trait approach to describing and explaining personality. He believed that we have varying amounts of traits and that our personality may have a genetic basis.

  22. Hans J. Eysenck • He claimed that there are two main personality factors. A tendency towards negative emotions (neuroticism) and a tendency to enjoy positive events/situations (extraversion) • These traits are on a continuum because we can have high or low levels of the. These continuums are know as dimensions.

  23. Dimensions • 1) Neuroticism-Emotional Stability • 2) Extraversion-Introversion

  24. High N and High E=Choleric (ambitious and leader-like. They have a lot of aggression, energy, and/or passion, and try to instill it in others) High N and Low E= Melancholic (introverted and thoughtful. Melancholic people often were perceived as very (or overly) pondering and considerate) Low N and High E= Sanguine (impulsive and pleasure-seeking; sanguine people are sociable and charismatic) Low N and Low E= Phlegmatic (relaxed and quiet, ranging from warmly attentive to lazily sluggish. Phlegmatics tend to be content with themselves and are kind)

  25. Hans J. Eysenck • Hans believed that our biological make-up contributes to our personality. • He suggested that introverts and extroverts have different nervous systems therefore they seek different levels of external stimulation to achieve their optimal level of arousal. • Extraverts need more external stimulation compared to introverts.

  26. Gordon Allport • Believed that each individual has a unique set of traits and these traits determine how an individual reacts to certain events in the environment. • Allport claimed that there were three different types of traits • Central traits: obvious to most people. Demonstrated on a day to day basis.”relaxed” • Secondary traits: shown in response to specific environmental stimuli. “frustrated, when in traffic” • Cardinal traits: a characteristic that is the driving force behind all of a person’s activities.”devotion to faith, Pope”

  27. Raymond Cattell • Like Allport, he believed that there were different types of traits. Surface traits (obvious traits) Source traits (situation traits) • Came up with the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) • Used in educational settings to determine learning styles, employment settings to determine leadership styles and medical settings. • Cattell’s work however can not be replicated.

  28. Costa and McCrae’s Neo PI/Five Factor Model. Believed there are 5 key dimensions along with personality that can be measured. 1) Openness 2) Conscientiousness 3) Extraversion 4) Agreeableness 5) Neuroticism

  29. Personality Testing • How do we know what sort of personality someone has? • Why do we need to assess a person’s personality? • What do you think?

  30. Personality Tests • There are two main categories • Inventories (questionnaires) • Projective tests (uncover a person’s attitudes, desires by evaluating their response to an ambiguous stimuli)

  31. Projective tests Rorschach Inkblot Test: client shown a series of 10 cards. The client is asked “what does this card represent?” “What does it remind you of?” Psychologist records the responses word for word. Reliability and validity isn’t really good.

  32. Projective tests • Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Client shown a set of 20 stimulus cards of ambiguous pictured and is asked to make up a story about them. The story created will reveal the hidden forces and motives of that person’s behaviour.

  33. Limitations of Projective Tests • Depends on clinicians assumptions and opinions because it is a subjective test. • Must be administered by a trained clinician in a clinical setting • Time consuming • Expensive • Dont account for those days when you have “off feelings” or an illness. • Poor validity and reliability (what does this mean?)

  34. Validity: measures what it is meant to measure • Reliability: measures the same thing on different occasions. It is consistent. Can a test be reliable and not valid? Can a test be valid and not reliable?

  35. Personality Inventories • The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI): There are 4 dimensions The test is made up of 93 pairs of statements that aim to determine your way of dealing with the world. Each question has 2 options that you can choose from. Online test example: http://www.humanmetrics.com/cgi-win/JTypes2.asp

  36. Personality Inventories • John Holland’s Self-Directed Search: Most people can be categorised into 6 occupational types • Realistic • Investigative • Artistic • Social • Enterprising • Conventional • If you are in an occupation that suits your personality you will be happy. Self Directed Search: a test consisting of 198 items that helps individuals learn which occupation suits their personality. Once you complete the test you are given a three-letter code which is a combination of your three most prevalent occupational types (Holland Code)

  37. Ethics in Personality Assessments • Psychologists must ensure that the test they have chosen to do is administered and interpreted appropriately and accurate. (no harm) • Informed consent • Confidentiality • Competence (they must be trained in the use and interpretation of the test)

  38. Personality tests are useful for describing and predicting how we will act in certain situations however they should not be used as a sole measure of an individuals way of interacting with the world.

  39. Homework • Activities 13.2 questions 1,2,3,4, 13.3 question 1,2 13.4 questions 3,4 13.5 questions 2,3,4 13.6 questions 1,2,3 13.8 question 2 13.9 question 1,2 13.11all 13.12 questions 1-4 13.13 question 1 13.17 question 1-3 13.18 all 13.20 all

More Related