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Chapter 12

Chapter 12. Personality: Theory, Research and Assessment. Personality. An individual’s characteristic pattern of Thinking Feeling Behaving. Personality traits. Durable disposition a characteristic pattern of behavior

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Chapter 12

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  1. Chapter 12 Personality: Theory, Research and Assessment

  2. Personality An individual’s characteristic pattern of • Thinking • Feeling • Behaving

  3. Personality traits • Durable disposition • a characteristic pattern of behavior • a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports

  4. Empirically derived test • a test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups • Factor analysis

  5. The Big Five Costa and McCrae • Openness to experience • Conscientiousness • Extroversion • Agreeableness • Neuroticism

  6. The Big Five • Costa and McCrae • NEO Inventory

  7. Personality Inventory a questionnaire (often with true-false items) used to assess selected personality traits

  8. The Trait Perspective Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) • most widely researched and clinically used • developed to identify emotional disorders

  9. MMPI • Validity scales • Is it measuring what it is intending to measure? • Clinical scales • Psychological disorders

  10. MMPI: Validity scales • Cannot say (?)= evasive • Lie scale (L)= present oneself in a favorable way • Infrequency scale (F)= rare answer, indicates confusion or faking illness • Subtle defensiveness (K)= protecting self

  11. MMPI: Clinical scales • Hypochondriasis= body complaints, somatoform • Depression= moody, pessimistic, distressed • Hysteria= denial, repression, dependence

  12. MMPI: Clinical scales • Psychopathic deviation = antisocial personality disorder • Masculinity/femininity • Paranoia • Psychasthenia= anxiety

  13. MMPI: Clinical scales • Schizophrenia= delusions/hallucinations, withdrawn • Hypomania= manic episode • Social introversion= shy

  14. MMPI: Clinical scales • Pages 511-514 • Profile

  15. The Psychoanalytic Perspective • Freud • childhood experience • unconscious motivations influence personality

  16. Psychoanalysis techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

  17. Free association • in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious • person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

  18. Dream analysis • Interpreting and finding meaning in dreams • Different levels • Latent content • Manifest content

  19. Ego Conscious mind Unconscious mind Superego Id Personality Structure • Freud’s idea of the mind’s structure

  20. The Psychoanalytic Perspective • Unconscious • Mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings and memories • Not in our awareness

  21. Personality Structure • Id • unconscious • basic sexual and aggressive drives • pleasure principle • The little devil on your shoulder

  22. Personality Structure • SUPERego • IDEALSand standards for judgement The little angel on your shoulder

  23. Personality Structure • Ego • mediates among the demands of the id and the superego • operates on the reality principle

  24. Personality Development • Psychosexual Stages • the childhood stages of development during which the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

  25. Freud’s Psychosexual Stages Stage Focus Oral Pleasure centers on the mouth-- (0-18 months) sucking, biting, chewing Anal Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder (18-36 months) elimination; coping with demands for control Phallic Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with (3-6 years) sexual feelings Latency Dormant sexual feelings (6 to puberty) Genital Maturation of sexual interests (puberty on) Personality Development

  26. Personality Development • Identification • children incorporate their parents’ values into their superegos • Fixation • Unresolved conflict

  27. Personality Development • Oedipus Complex • a boy’s sexual desires for mom and feelings of jealousy and hatred for dad • Electra Complex • a girl’s sexual desires for dad and feelings of jealousy and hatred for mom

  28. Defense Mechanisms • the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality • Briar Patch questions!

  29. Defense Mechanisms • Repression • the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness

  30. Defense Mechanisms • Regression • defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated

  31. Defense Mechanisms • Reaction Formation • defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites

  32. Defense Mechanisms • Projection • defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

  33. Defense Mechanisms • Rationalization • defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one’s actions

  34. Defense Mechanisms • Displacement • shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person

  35. Concept check 12.1 Identifying defense mechanisms

  36. Projective Tests • a personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics • Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) • Rorschach Inkblot Test

  37. Projective Tests • Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) • a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

  38. Projective Tests • Rorschach Inkblot Test • a set of 10 inkblots designed by Hermann Rorschach • seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

  39. Neo-Freudians • Carl Jung • Analytical psychology • Emphasized the collective unconscious and archetypes

  40. Neo-Freudians • Alfred Adler • Individual psychology • Importance of childhood social tension and birth order

  41. Neo-Freudians • Alfred Adler • Striving for superiority • Compensation • Inferiority complex

  42. Neo-Freudians • Karen Horney • Feminist perspective • Penis envy as symbolic • Womb envy

  43. Evaluating Psychodynamic theory • Poor testability • Inadequate evidence • Sexism • Don’t throw the baby out with the bath water!

  44. Behaviorists • Skinner: operant conditioning • Bandura: • Observational learning • Social cognitive theory

  45. Social-Cognitive Perspective • Social-Cognitive Perspective • views behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons and their social context

  46. Social-Cognitive Perspective • Reciprocal Determinism • the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors

  47. Social-Cognitive Perspective • Mischel and Shoda • Person X situation • Example: • Niki is consistently quiet in class • Niki is consistently talkative with her friends

  48. Social-Cognitive Perspective • Self-efficacy • One’s belief about one’s ability to perform behaviors

  49. Social-Cognitive Perspective • Internal Locus of Control • the perception that one controls one’s own fate • External Locus of Control • the perception that chance or outside forces beyond one’s personal control determine one’s fate

  50. Seligman • Not discussed in detail in your book, take good notes! • Learned Helplessness • Optimism • Positive Psychology

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