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Hierarchical Communications Infrastructure in Smart Grid

This paper discusses a cognitive radio-based hierarchical communications infrastructure designed for smart grid applications. It explores the hierarchical communication structure consisting of Home Area Networks (HAN), Neighborhood Area Networks (NAN), and Wide Area Networks (WAN), addressing key challenges like data explosion, energy source balance, traffic variability, interoperability, quality of service, and security. Additionally, it presents an architecture leveraging cognitive radio to enhance spectrum utilization and manage high data rates, showcasing a reliable overlay topology for microgrid networks.

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Hierarchical Communications Infrastructure in Smart Grid

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  1. Hierarchical Communications Infrastructure in Smart Grid Xiaoxia Zhang x79zhang@bbcr.uwaterloo.ca

  2. Outline • Cognitive Radio Based Hierarchical Communications Infrastructure for Smart Grid • Hierarchical communciation structure • Challenges on the design of communication architecture • Cognitive radio based architecture • Reliable Overlay Topology Design for the Smart MicrogridNetwork • Microgrid • Smart microgrid • Overlay topology design for smart microgrid networks

  3. Cognitive Radio Based Hierarchical Communications Infrastructure for Smart Grid

  4. Hierarchical Structure

  5. Hierarchical Structure • Home area network (HAN) - communicate with various smart devices to provide energy efficiency management and demand response • Neighborhood area network (NAN) - connect multiple HANs to local access point • Wide area network (WAN) - provide communication links between NANs and the utility systems to transfer information

  6. Challenges on the design of communication architecture • Tremendous data amount - explosive growth of data gathered by smart meters and sensors - utilities handle 10,780 Tbytes in 2010, 75,200 Tbytes in 2015 • Energy sources - balance utility source and renewable energy sources • Highly varying traffic - peak hour requires high data rate and more reliable services • Interoperability - ensure operation among generation, transmission, distribution and user networks • Quality of service - meter data needs higher priority and QoS, while price data needs normal priority and QoS • Security - computer networks for controlling and monitoring, exposed to attacks

  7. Cognitive radio based architecture • Motivations: • Increasingly intensive radio systems in HAN. • CR improves spectrum utilization and communication capacity to deal with large amount of data. • CR devices could manage context awareness to enable the realization of the heterogeneous network.

  8. Cognitive radio based architecture

  9. Cognitive radio based HAN • HGW: cognitive home gateway used to transmit data and manage spectrum band. • Two components: spectrum access controller and power coordinator.

  10. Cognitive radio based NAN • NGW allocates spectrum bands to HGWs. • Guard channel strategy: some reserved channels for handoff for both PUs and SUs to guarantee QoS. • Pd: dropping prob. Pb: blocking prob. • NG: guard channal NC: common channel

  11. Cognitive radio based WAN/NAN • A WAN has K NANs.

  12. Reliable Overlay Topology Design for the Smart Microgrid Network

  13. Microgrid • Small-scale, self-contained medium/low power system. • Distributed generators (DG), controllable loads, small-scale combined heat and power units (CHP) and distributed storage (DS). • Two operation modes: grid-conected and islanded.

  14. Smart Microgrid • Less transmission loss and less cable loss • Reduce carbon emission • Fault isolation in case of a failure or attack • Ease of DG handling • Energy trading among microgrids (future) • SMGs can form a network SMGN to maximize the utilization of renewable energy resources.

  15. Overlay topology design for smgn • Target • survivability (stay in working condition in case of a failure) • utilization of the renewable resources more effectively • Method • Form clusters in a SMGN

  16. Overlay topology design for smgn • Step1: Cluster SMGs. • SMGN: G(t)={V,E(t)} where V is the set of SMG and E(t) is set of logical links among SMGs. |V|=N. • Link between two SMGs (u,v)€E(t) means u and v can share the storage bank. • is binary, 1 if and only if SMG i and SMG j are on the same cluster. Survivability for Cluster r

  17. Overlay topology design for smgn • Step2: Find a Hamiltonian cycle in each cluster.

  18. Simulation result

  19. Questions and Discussion? Thank you!

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