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DNA Barcoding

DNA Barcoding. A way for identifying organisms to species using sequence information from a standard gene present in all animals Mitochondia : c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) Animals with more similar codes are more closely related. iBOL International Barcode of Life Help from around the world.

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DNA Barcoding

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  1. DNA Barcoding • A way for identifying organisms to species using sequence information from a standard gene present in all animals • Mitochondia: c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) • Animals with more similar codes are more closely related. • iBOL • International Barcode of Life • Help from around the world

  2. Using Character Variation to Reconstruct Phylogeny • First step is to determine which variant form of each character was present in the common ancestor of the entire group • The character state present in the common ancestor • Ancestral character • All other variant forms of the character arose later within the group • Evolutionarily derived character

  3. Using features to determine evolutionary history • Polarity of a character • Refers to identifying which of characterisitc is ancestral and which one(s) is derived • Outgroup comparison • Method used to examine the polarityof a variable character • Outgroup • Group that is phylogenetically close but not within the group being studied • The character state found both within the group being studied and the outgroup is ancestral for the study group

  4. Theories of Taxonomy • Two currently popular theories of taxonomy • Traditional Evolutionary Taxonomy • Phylogenetic Systematics (cladistics) • A relationship between a taxonomic group and a phylogenetic tree or cladogram important in both theories Relationship can take on one of three forms • Monophyly • A monophyletic taxon includes the most recent common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor

  5. Theories of taxonomy • Paraphyly • A taxon is paraphyletic if it includes the most recent common ancestor of all members of a group and some but not all descendants of that ancestor • Polyphyly • A taxon is polyphyletic if it does not include the most recent common ancestor of all members of a group • The group has at least two separate evolutionary origins

  6. Theories of Taxonomy • Current State of Animal Taxonomy • Modern animal taxonomy • Established using evolutionary systematics and recent cladistic revisions • Phylocode • New taxonomic system • Being developed as an alternative to Linnean taxonomy • Replaces Linnean ranks with codes that denote the hierarchy of monophyletic groups conveyed by cladograms • The terms “primitive,” “advanced,” “specialized” and “generalized” • Used for specific characteristics and not for groups as a whole

  7. Major Subdivisions of the Animal Kingdom • There are three domains. • Archaea • Eucarya • Bacteria • In Eucarya we have 6 kingdoms • Plants • Animals • Fungi • Protista • (Archaeabacteria) • (Eubacteria)

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