COE1161: ICT SKILLS

1. COE1161 FIRST YEAR 2017/2018 School of Engineering (SoE) COE1161: ICT SKILLS

2. COE1161 Outline of the course • INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER AND WINDOWS • MICROSOFT WORD • MICROSOFT EXCEL • MICROSOFT POWER POINT • MOCROSOFT ACCESS • INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET

3. COE1161 Today's lesson 21/09/2015 • DEFINITION OF COMPUTER • TYPES OF COMPUTERS • ADVANTAGES AND DESADVANTAGES OF COMPUTERS • BLOCK STRUCTURE OF COMPUTERS AND FUNCTION OF COMPONENTS • PRACTICE: • Connecting Computer. • Opening and Closing Computer

4. COE1161 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER & WINDOWS • I.1. DEFINITION OF COMPUTER A computer is an electronic device or a tool which accepts data or information in one form and processes it to produce data or information in another form i.e. in a more meaningful manner.

5. COE1161 DEFINITION OF COMPUTER (Cont') It accepts data as its input, process data according to the predefined rules (programs) and supplies results(output) in the form of data and/or actions. It can convert data into information that is useful to people. In other words a computer is a machine which collects, stores, retrieves, manipulates and transmits information.

6. COE1161 COMPUTER PARTS

7. COE1161 HARDWARE •A computer's hardware consists of electronic devices; the parts you can see and touch. It consists of its processors, its storages, its input/output devices and its communication connections (i.e. the actual machinery: wires, transistors and circuits. ) •The term "device" refers to any piece of hardware used by the computer, such as a keyboard, monitor, modem, mouse, etc.

8. COE1161 SOFTWARE •Software – general term used to describe all the various programs – consists of organized sets of instructions for operating the computer system. •Some programs exist for the computer's use, to help it manage its own tasks and devices; These operations may include identifying, accessing and processing information. •Other programs exist for the user, and enable the computer to perform tasks for you, such as creating documents.

9. COE1161 DATA Data consists of raw facts, which the computer can manipulate and process into information that is useful to people. • Computerized data is digital, meaning that it has been reduced to digits, or numbers. The computer stores and reads all data as numbers. •Although computers use data in digital form, they convert data into forms that people can understand, such as text, numerals, sounds, and images.

10. COE1161 USER • People are the computer's operators, or users. • Some types of computers can operate without much intervention from people, but personal computers are designed specifically for use by people.

11. COE1161 Cont'

12. COE1161 I.2 types of Computers Computers can be generally classified by size and power as follows, though there is a considerable overlap:

13. COE1161 Supercomputers • Supercomputers are the most powerful computers. They are used for problems requiring complex calculations. An extremely faster computer that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per second. •Because of their size and expense, supercomputers are relatively rare. •Supercomputers are used by universities, government agencies, and large businesses.

14. COE1161 Mainframe computers •Mainframe computers can support hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously, handling massive amounts of input, output, and storage. •Mainframe computers are used in large organizations where many users need access to shared data and programs. •Mainframes are also used as e-commerce servers, handling transactions over the Internet. In the early days of computing, mainframes were huge computers that could fill an entire room or even a whole floor! As the size of computers has diminished while the power has increased, the term mainframe has fallen out of use in favor of enterprise server.

15. COE1161

16. COE1161 Minicomputer Minicomputers • Minicomputers are smaller than mainframes but larger than microcomputers. • Minicomputers usually have multiple terminals. Minicomputers are multiprocessing systems capable of supporting from 4 to about 200 users simultaneously. • Minicomputers may be used as network servers and Internet servers. Minicomputers are normally referred to as mid-range servers now.

17. COE1161 1) Refers to a computer system’s ability to support more than one process (program) at the same time. 2) Refers to the utilization of multiple CPUs in a single computer system. This is also called parallel processing. Multiprocessing:

18. COE1161 Workstations • Workstations are powerful single-user computers. • Workstations are used for tasks that require a great deal of number-crunching power, such as product design and computer animation. • Workstations are often used as network and Internet servers. The leading manufacturers of workstations are Sun Microsystems, Hewlett–Packard Company, Silicon Graphics Incorporated and Compaq.

19. COE1161 Sun Workstation

20. COE1161 Microcomputers, or Personal Computers •Microcomputers are more commonly known as personal computers (PC). The term "PC" is applied to IBM-PCs or compatible computers. The personal computer (PC) defines a computer designed for general use by a single person. PCs were first known as microcomputers because they were a complete computer but built on a smaller scale than the huge systems in use by most businesses. Full-size desktop computersare the most common type of PC.

21. COE1161 Cont' • Notebook (laptop) computers are used by people who need the power of a desktop system, but also portability. They integrate the display, keyboard, a pointing device or trackball, processor, memory and hard drive all in a battery-operated package slightly larger than an average hardcover book.

22. COE1161 Cont' • Handheld PCs (such as PDAs: personal digital assistants also known as Palmtop) lack the power of a desktop or notebook PC, but offer features for users who need limited functions and small size. Palmtops are tightly integrated computers that often use flashmemory instead of a hard drive for storage. These computers usually do not have keyboards but rely on touchscreen technology for user input. Palmtops are typically smaller than a paperback novel, very lightweight with a reasonable battery life. A slightly larger and heavier version of the palmtop is the handheld computer.

23. COE1161 Cont' Wearable Computers - The latest trend in computing is wearable computers. Essentially, common computer applications (e-mail, database, multimedia, calendar/scheduler) are integrated into watches, cell phones, visors and even clothing!

24. COE1161 Cont'

25. COE1161 Examples of Computer Usage Computer is used in different areas: At home, PC is used for business (e.g. word processing), personal Information manager, personal finance, online banking, tax preparation, E-mail, instant massaging, and chat rooms, entertainment (e.g. music composition, greeting cards), education ,etc. At work (small office/Home Office), PC can be used for business, company specific (e.g. accounting, legal reference), network management, web browser, etc. As a mobile user, you can use a portable computer for business, e-mail etc. In large Business, they use PCs connected to minicomputers, for business, accounting, network management, web browser, E-mail, etc. In big industries, computers are used in a wide variety of tasks such as desktop publishing, computer aided design (CAD); with workstations connected to mainframes or minicomputers; etc.

26. COE1161 I.3 Advantages/Disadvantages of computers Advantages of Using Computers in Information Processing Speed: Tasks can be completed faster because computers work at amazing speed. Typically more than 500,000 instructions can be processed each second. Accuracy: Computers can process large amounts of data and generate error-free results, provided that the data is entered correctly Storage & Retrieval: Computers can store enormous amounts of data for future use. Data stored in computers is readily available and can be accessed at very high speeds. Automation: Due to its ability to follow a set of instruction; tasks can be completed with little human intervention (i.e. automatic). Low cost: Though initial investment may seemingly be high, running and maintenance costs become lower in the long term.

27. COE1161 High volumes: Due to speed to execution and storage facilities the computer is ideal for jobs of high volume. Repetitive Operations: In situations where identical operations have to be performed on sets of data e.g. for Payroll the computer follows the same set of instructions at fast speeds having error free results. The high reliability of components inside modern computers enables computers to produce consistent results. Efficiency and productivity can be raised. Overall security can be raised due to less human intervention. Customer services can be improved due to more efficiently management and operations. Computers with communicating capability can share data and information with other computers.

28. COE1161 Disadvantages of using computers for information processing include Unemployment: Some jobs may be lost due to computerization and thus lower the morale of staff members. Face-to-face interactions among staff may be reduced. It needs trained people: Some staff has to be trained or retrained Expensive: - Initial investment cost can be high. - Extra cost is required to employ specialized staff to operate and design the data processing system.

29. COE1161 OUTPUT DEVICES CPU INPUT DEVICES Figure: Components of a computer I.4 Block structure of computers & function of components All general purpose computers require the following hardware components:

30. COE1161 Cont' A computer's hardware devices are categorized as follows: • Processor • Memory • Input and output (I/O) devices • Storage devices

31. COE1161 Cont' Central Processing Unit (CPU): The heart of the computer, this is the component that actually executes instructions Memory: Enables a computer to store, at least temporarily, data and programs. Input devices: Usually a keyboard and mouse, the input devices is the conduit through which data and instructions enter a computer. Output devices: A display screen, printer, or other device that lets you see what the computer has accomplished Mass storage device: Allows a computer to permanently retain large amounts of data. Common mass storage devices include disk drive and tape drives.

32. COE1161 1. The CPU The procedure that transforms raw data into useful information is called processing (i.e. manipulation of data). This function is divided between the computer's processor and memory. The processor is also called the central processing unit (CPU). It manages all devices and performs the actual processing of data. The CPU consists of one or more chips attached to the computer's main circuit board (the motherboard). It is one of the most important element of the personal computer. On large machines, CPUs require one or more printed circuit boards. On personal computers and small workstations, the CPU is contained on a single integrated circuit called the microprocessor. The computer will not run without a CPU.

33. COE1161 Printer Keyboard Processor M E M O R Y ALU VDU: Visual Display Unit Control Unit Plotter Scanner Central memory Disk Drive Input Devices Output Devices Figure: Schematic Diagram of a computer

34. COE1161 The CPU contains two basic components: A control unit extracts instructions from memory and decodes and executes them, calling on the ALU when necessary. The Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU) performs both arithmetic and logical operations. Arithmetic operations are fundamental math operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Logical operations such as the AND, OR, and XOR are used to make comparisons and decisions, and these determine how a program is executed. System clock: It controls the speed of computer operations, generates regular electronics pulses, or ticks. Each tick is called a clock cycle. A CPU requires a fixed numbers of clock cycles to execute each instruction. Speed at which computer executes instructions is called clock speed or clock rate and is measured in megahertz (Mhz). Cont'

35. COE1161 2. Memory The term memory identifies data storage that comes in the form of chips attached to the motherboard, and the term storage is used for memory that exists on tapes or disks. Moreover, the term memory is usually used as shorthand for physical memory, which refers to the actual chips capable of holding data. Some computers also use virtual memory, which expands physical memory onto a hard disk.

36. COE1161 Cont' Memory holds data and program instructions as the CPU works with them. This memory is called Random Access Memory (RAM) or Main Memory. Every computer comes with a certain amount of physical memory (RAM). You can think of main memory as array of boxes, each of which can hold a single byte of information. The CPU can find any piece of data in RAM, when it needs it for processing.

37. COE1161 Cont' • The smallest usable unit of measure for memory is the byte – the amount of memory required to hold one character, like the letter A or the numeral 2. 1 byte = 8 bits Bit is short for Binary Digit. Bits have value of 1 or 0, (or on or off, or, true or false) • Computers work with larger chunks of data, measured in multiple bytes, as shown below:

38. COE1161 Cont' Done up to here with CMT

39. COE1161 Types of Memory RAM ( pronounced ramm, acronym for Random Access Memory,): This is the same as main memory. When used by itself, the term RAM refers to read and write memory; that is, you can both write data into RAM and read from RAM. This is in contrast to ROM, which permits you only to read data. RAM can be accessed randomly; that is, any byte of memory can be accessed without touching the preceding bytes. RAM is the most common type of memory found in computers and other devices, such as printers.

40. COE1161 Dynamic RAM vs Static RAM The two types differ in the technology they use to hold data, dynamic RAM being the more common type. Dynamic RAM needs to be refreshed thousands of times per second. Static RAM does not need to be refreshed, which makes it faster; but it is also more expensive than dynamic RAM. Both types of RAM are volatile, meaning they hold data only when the power is on. When the power is off, RAM's contents are lost.

41. COE1161 ROM ROM (Read Only Memory): Computers almost contain a small amount (a few thousands of bytes) of ROM that holds instructions for starting up/ booting the computer and perform diagnostics. Unlike RAM, ROM cannot be written to. In fact, both types of memory (ROM and RAM) allow random access. To be precise, therefore, RAM should be referred to as read/write RAM and ROM as read-only RAM.

42. COE1161 Cont' PROM (Pronounced prom, an acronym for ProgrammableReadOnlyMemory). A PROM is a memory chip on which you can store a program. But once the PROM has been used, you cannot wipe it clean and use it to store something else. Like ROMs, PROMs are non-volatile. The difference between a PROM and a ROM is that a PROM is manufactured as blank memory, whereas a ROM is programmed during the manufacturing process. To write data onto a PROM chip, you need a special device called PROM programmer or PROMburner. The process of programming a PROM is sometimes called burning the PROM.

43. COE1161 Cont' EPROM(Acronym for Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory and pronounced ee-prom). An EPROM is a special type of ROM that can be erased by exposing it to ultraviolet light. The ultraviolet light clears its contents, making it possible to reprogram the memory. To write to and erase an EPROM, you need a special device called a PROM programmer or PROM burner. An EPROM differs from a PROM in that a PROM can be written to only once and cannot be erased. EPROM’s are used widely in personal computers because they enable the manufacturer to change the contents of the PROM before the computer is actually shipped. His means that bugs can be removed and new versions installed shortly before deliver.

44. COE1161 Cont' EEPROM (Acronym for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory and pronounced double-ee-prom or e-e-prom). An EEPROM is a special type of PROM that can be erased by exposing it to an electrical charge. Like other types of PROM, EEPROM retains its contents even when the power is turned off. Also like other types of RM, EEPROM is not as fast as RAM. EEPROM is similar to flash memory (sometimes called flash EEPROM). The principal difference is that EEPROM requires data to be written or erased one byte at a time whereas flash memory allows data to be written or erased in blocks. This makes flash memory faster.

45. COE1161 Cont' SSD (Solid State Disk) are high performance plug-and-play storage devices that contain no moving parts. SSD components include either DRAM or EEPROM memory boards, a memory bus board, a CPU, and a battery card. Because they contain their own CPUs to manage data storage, they are a lot faster than conventional rotating hard disks; therefore they produce highest I/O (input/output) rates. SSDs are most effective for server applications and server systems, where I/O response time is crucial.

46. COE1161 NEXT LECTURE • BLOCK STRUCTURE OF COMPUTERS AND FUNCTION OF COMPONENTS • INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES • STORAGE