Mars South Pole C0 2 -110 F

1. Mars South Pole C02 -110 F

2. Chapter 7 The Jovian Planets

3. Chapter 7The Jovian Planets Video

4. Units of Chapter 7 Observations of Jupiter and Saturn The Discoveries of Uranus and Neptune Bulk Properties of the Jovian Planets Jupiter’s Atmosphere The Atmospheres of the Outer Jovian Worlds Jovian Interiors

5. Question 1 • have liquid metallic hydrogen in their interiors. • have rings. • emit more energy than they absorb from the Sun. • rotate very rapidly. • All of the above. Both Jupiter and Saturn

6. Question 1 • have liquid metallic hydrogen in their interiors. • have rings. • emit more energy than they absorb from the Sun. • rotate very rapidly. • All of the above. Both Jupiter and Saturn

7. Question 2 a) a low-density gaseous core. b) large magnetic fields. c) lots of hydrogen & helium gas. d) many moons. e) differential rotation. Jovian planets share all of the following traits EXCEPT

8. Question 2 a) a low-density gaseous core. b) large magnetic fields. c) lots of hydrogen & helium gas. d) many moons. e) differential rotation. Jovian planets share all of the following traits EXCEPT All of the jovian planets have dense, compact cores more massive than Earth, surrounded by liquid and gaseous layers.

9. Question 3 a) very strong magnetic fields. b) powerful gravity pulling on the poles. c) rapid rotation and a fluid interior. d) many moons that tidally distort their shapes. e) All of the above. Jupiter and the other jovian planets are noticeably oblate because they have

10. Question 3 a) very strong magnetic fields. b) powerful gravity pulling on the poles. c) rapid rotation and a fluid interior. d) many moons that tidally distort their shapes. e) All of the above. Jupiter and the other jovian planets are noticeably oblate because they have All of the jovian planets are larger than Earth, all spin faster, all have lower density, and all show a flattened, “oblate” shape.

11. Observations of Jupiter and Saturn Jupiter can be imaged well from Earth, even with a small telescope. Here: Jupiter with its Galilean moons

12. Observations of Jupiter and Saturn True-color image of Jupiter Rotation Differential Rotation King of gods

13. Observations of Jupiter and Saturn Natural-color image of Saturn - Roman god of agriculture

14. Observations of Jupiter and Saturn Cassini image of Jupiter, true color $3.3 Billion 1977 to 2017

15. The Discoveries of Uranus and Neptune Uranus, in natural color. Note the absence of features. Discovered in 1781 William Herschel Wanted to name it George. Photo Voyager 2 1986 Greek god of the sky.

16. The Discoveries of Uranus and Neptune Neptune in natural color 1846 Johann Galle Voyager 2 image 1989 Roman god of the sea

17. Bulk Properties of the Jovian Planets The Jovian planets are large and much less dense than the terrestrial planets; Saturn is less dense than water!

18. Bulk Properties of the Jovian Planets Jovian planets, compared to Earth

19. Bulk Properties of the Jovian Planets Peculiarity of Uranus: Axis of rotation lies almost in the plane of its orbit. Seasonal variations are extreme.

20. Jupiter’s Atmosphere Atmosphere has bright zones and dark belts. Zones are cooler, and are higher than belts. Stable flow underlies zones and bands, called zonal flow. Simplified model:

21. Question 4 a) convection of ammonia ice upward b) differential rotation and underlying zonal flow c) oblateness due to low density d) thermonuclear fusion e) Jupiter’s huge magnetosphere What is the probable source of the variations in Jupiter’s belts and zones?

22. Question 4 a) convection of ammonia ice upward b) differential rotation and underlying zonal flow c) oblateness due to low density d) thermonuclear fusion e) Jupiter’s huge magnetosphere What is the probable source of the variations in Jupiter’s belts and zones?

23. Jupiter’s Atmosphere No solid surface; take top of troposphere to be 0 km. Lowest cloud layer cannot be seen by optical telescopes. Measurements by Galileo probe show high wind speeds even at great depth – probably due to heating from planet, not from Sun.

24. Jupiter’s Atmosphere The Galileo probe descended into Jupiter’s atmosphere and returned valuable data. The arrow indicates its entry point. Probe

25. Galileo & Probe$1.6 Billion1989 - 2003

26. Galileo Spacecraft 1989 - 2003

27. Jupiter’s Atmosphere Major visible features: Bands of clouds; Great Red Spot • Red spot

28. Jupiter’s Atmosphere Two examples of smaller storms merging, first into a smaller red spot, second into existing Great Red Spot

29. Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9

30. Question 5 What is the source of Jupiter’s large magnetic field? a) charged particles moving in the atmosphere b) thermonuclear fusion in Jupiter’s core c) the gravitational attraction of Jupiter’s many large moons d) the Great Red Spot e) metallic hydrogen swirling in its interior

31. Question 5 What is the source of Jupiter’s large magnetic field? a) charged particles moving in the atmosphere b) thermonuclear fusion in Jupiter’s core c) the gravitational attraction of Jupiter’s many large moons d) the Great Red Spot e) metallic hydrogen swirling in its interior

32. The Atmospheres of the Outer Jovian Worlds The atmosphere of Saturn is similar to that of Jupiter, except that Saturn is somewhat colder and its atmosphere is thicker.

33. The Atmospheres of the Outer Jovian Worlds Saturn’s atmosphere is similar to Jupiter’s, except pressure is lower. It has three cloud layers. Cloud layers are thicker than Jupiter’s; see only top layer.

34. The Atmospheres of the Outer Jovian Worlds Saturn also has large storms, and bands. • Cloud Rotation

35. The Atmospheres of the Outer Jovian Worlds Storms near Saturn’s equator

36. The Atmospheres of the Outer Jovian Worlds Enormous thunderstorm on Saturn

37. Question 6 a) Saturn is still radiating heat left over from its formation. b) Saturn’s thick cloud layer contributes to a larger greenhouse effect. c) helium rain gives off heat as it falls toward Saturn’s center. d) Saturn’s atmosphere contains methane. e) Saturn can fuse hydrogen into helium in its core, like the Sun. Saturn radiates even more excess energy than Jupiter because

38. Question 6 a) Saturn is still radiating heat left over from its formation. b) Saturn’s thick cloud layer contributes to a larger greenhouse effect. c) helium rain gives off heat as it falls toward Saturn’s center. d) Saturn’s atmosphere contains methane. e) Saturn can fuse hydrogen into helium in its core, like the Sun. Saturn radiates even more excess energy than Jupiter because Jupiter and Neptune also radiate excess heat, most likely left over from their formation.

39. The Atmospheres of the Outer Jovian Worlds Rotation of Uranus can be measured by watching storms.

40. Question 8 a) Its strange tilt produces extreme seasonal variations. b) With its tilt of 29°, Uranus has four seasons similar to those on Earth. c) It never shows any weather in its bland clouds. d) It spins so fast all seasons are the same. Which of these is TRUE about the seasons on Uranus?

41. Question 8 a) Its strange tilt produces extreme seasonal variations. b) With its tilt of 29°, Uranus has four seasons similar to those on Earth. c) It never shows any weather in its bland clouds. d) It spins so fast all seasons are the same. Which of these is TRUE about the seasons on Uranus?

42. The Atmospheres of the Outer Jovian Worlds Neptune has storm systems similar to those on Jupiter, but fewer. The large storm system at top has disappeared in recent years.

43. Question 7 a) gaseous ammonia in their atmospheres absorbs blue light. b) methane absorbs red light. c) cold hydrogen reflects blue light. d) dust in their atmospheres scatters blue light, similar to Earth. The two outer jovian planets appear bluish in color because

44. Question 7 a) gaseous ammonia in their atmospheres absorbs blue light. b) methane absorbs red light. c) cold hydrogen reflects blue light. d) dust in their atmospheres scatters blue light, similar to Earth. The two outer jovian planets appear bluish in color because

45. Jovian Interiors No direct information is available about Jupiter’s interior, but its main components, hydrogen and helium, are quite well understood. The central portion is thought to be a rocky core.

46. Question 9 a) Jupiter and Neptune b) Jupiter and Saturn c) Jupiter and Earth d) Saturn and Earth e) Uranus and Neptune The magnetic fields of which two planets are most unusual?

47. Question 9 a) Jupiter and Neptune b) Jupiter and Saturn c) Jupiter and Earth d) Saturn and Earth e) Uranus and Neptune The magnetic fields of which two planets are most unusual? Both Uranus and Neptune have fields that are off-center, and very inclined to their rotation axes.

48. Jovian Interiors Uranus and Neptune both have substantial magnetic fields, but at a large angle to their rotation axes. The rectangle within each planet shows a bar magnet that would produce a similar field. Note that both Uranus’s and Neptune’s are significantly off center.

49. Jovian Interiors Jupiter’s magnetosphere: Intrinsic field strength is 20,000 times that of Earth. Magnetosphere can extend beyond the orbit of Saturn.

50. Jovian Interiors Magnetic fields of Uranus and Neptune must not be produced by dynamos, as the other planets’ fields are. Interior structure of Uranus and Neptune, compared to that of Jupiter and Saturn: